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129 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the difference between jealousy and envy?
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Jealousy: fear of losing something valued
Envy: wanting what someone else has |
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What are the 3 components of jealousy?
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1. Emotional - fear, anxiety, anger
2. Cognitive - interpretation of events as threat to relationship 3. Behavioral - impulse to seek reassurance, aggression |
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What is the difference between reactive and suspicious jealousy?
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1. Reactive - specific threat to valued relationship
2. Suspicious - no apparent threat; threat is imagined |
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What is the theory of jealousy as a specific innate module (JSIM)?
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1. Derived from sexual strategies theory
2. Men should be more distressed by sexual infidelity because they are concerned about paternity certainty 3. Women should be more concerned by emotional infidelity because they want to maintain a resource-providing mate |
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What are 3 problems with Buunk et al.'s study of JSIM?
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1. Although men were more likely than women to choose the option to do with sexual infidelity, more men chose emotional infidelity as the more distressing option than chose the sexual infidelity option
2. Cultural effects were very large - effects highest in US 3. Forced choice - both options are equally distressing, which magnifies the difference |
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What is the double-shot hypothesis?
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1. Men and women are interpreting the scenarios differently due to a stereotype that women who have sex are also emotionally involved
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Are there gender differences in jealousy that are consistent with JSIM?
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1. No. Women tend to be slightly more jealousy than men, or there is no difference.
2. Men tend to show more arousal when forced to think about jealousy-inducing stimuli due to sexual arousal, not increased jealousy |
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How does the attachment perspective view jealousy?
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1. As a normative form of attachment anxiety
2. Highest in preoccupied attachment anxiety, lowest in dismissive 3. Other predictors: relationship attachment anxiety, low self-esteem, dependency |
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How does the social-cognitive perspective view jealousy?
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1. Jealousy influenced by norms and expectations (what you think is acceptable)
2. Jealousy is dependent on cutlure 3. Levels of jealousy change over time (1950s - sign of love; 1970s-80s - jealousy negative; 2000s - ambivalence) 4. Individual predictors: adherence to more traditional gender roles, expectations and ideas about jealousy, belief in sexual exclusivity |
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What is a constructive response when you are jealous?
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1. Take responsibility for insecurity and acknowledge jealousy as just a feeling you're having
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How should you cope with a jealous partner?
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1. Don't indulge jealousy - will escalate or become tiresome and reinforce your partner's behavior
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What is social exchange theory?
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1. Social relations involve a process of exchange
2. Motivation is to maximize profits and minimize losses 3. These processes determine satisfaction and duration of relationships |
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What are 4 factors that affect rewards and costs?
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1. Sentiment: how you feel about partner
2. Scarcity: rewards more valued when scare 3. Principle of satiation: rewards decrease as repeated over time 4. Principle of fatigue: repeated costs get worse over time |
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According to interdependence theory, what three factors determine profit in a relationship?
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1. Outcome (what you have - rewards - costs)
2. Comparison Level (what you think you should have) 3. Comparison Level for Alternatives (reasonable alternatives to being in the relationship; determines motivation to stay in relationship) |
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How is satisfaction determined according to interdependence theory?
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1. If outcome is better or equal to CL (satisfaction = outcome - CL)
2. If outcome is greater or equal to CLalt |
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What 4 factors is CLalt based on?
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1. Currently available partners
2. Previous experiences 3. Observing others' relationships 4. Individual differecnes |
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What is dependence?
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1. The degree to which we feel psychologically linked to our relationship (not about satisfaction)
2. Dependence = outcome - CLalt |
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According to Rusbult's Investment Model, what are the 3 components of commitment?
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1. Maintenance: Tendency to maintain a relationship; to feel psychologically attached to it
2. Willingness to stay, for better or worse 3. Cognitive, emotional and motivational state that influences a wide range of behaviors |
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What are 3 behavioral adaptations to maintaining relationships?
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1. Accommodative behavior
2. Willingness to sacrifice 3. Willingness to forgive |
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What are 3 cognitive adaptations to maintaining relationships?
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1. Forgoing tempting alternatives
2. Positive illusions 3. Cognitive interdependence |
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What 5 factors contribute to commitment?
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1. Satisfaction
2. Alternatives (less commitment) 3. Investments 4. Norms/external pressures 5. Pro-relationship behavior/cognition (are also investments and ways to maintain satisfaction) |
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How is CL affected by cognition?
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1. People change their expectations to fit their relationship
2. CL is a cognitive strategy to maintain relationship (Miller, 1997) |
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Why is CLalt questionable?
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1. Assumes objective reality that is apparent
2. May be a function of satisfaction or self-confidence |
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What are 3 problems with interdependence theory?
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1. Does not consider the dyad
2. Attachment, caregiving, self-expansion, communication all missing 3. People are not this rational |
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What is the principle of lesser interest?
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1. Partner who is less dependent on a relationship has more power in that relationship; person with less to lose calls the shots
2. Occurs when CLalts of one partner are higher than CLalts of the other |
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What happens to CL and CLalt over time?
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1. CL - comparison levels rise with excellent outcomes, but outcomes remain the same
2. CLalts - cultural changes (ease of divorce, women have more financial freedom, equal sex ratio) |
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Are gains and losses perceived equally in interdependence theory?
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1. No. Negative behaviors carry more weight than similar amounts of positive behaviors.
2. Losses affect us more than equivalent gains (5 to 1 ratio = satisfaction) |
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What are appetitive and aversive processes in relationships?
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1. People seek rewards (appetitive) and want to avoid costs (aversive)
2. Aversive motivations allow people to avoid costs but do not necessarily cause satisfaction 3. Appetitive motivations allow people to feel engaged and exciting but not safe and secure |
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What happens to rewards and costs over time?
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1. Costs typically rise (loss of autonomy, freedom)
2. In happy relationships, there is a lull in satisfaction followed by a gradual increase in satisfaction 3. In unhappy relationships, costs increase but rewards do not |
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What factors cause people to have lower relationship outcomes over time, according to Miller et al.?
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1. Lack of effort
2. Interdependency is a magnifying glass (for conflict and friction) 3. Access to weaponry 4. Unwelcome surprises 5. Unrealistic expectations |
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What is the difference between exchange and communal relationships?
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Exchange: relationships governed by the desire for and expectation of immediate repayment for benefits given (superficial)
Communal: motivated by the desire for an expectation of mutual responsiveness to each other's needs |
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What is equity theory?
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1. People are most satisfied in relationships in which there is proportional justice (each partner gains benefits from the relationships that are proportional to his or her contributions to it)
2. Overall outcomes are better predictors of satisfaction than equity |
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What are 3 ways to restore equity in a relationship?
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1. Restore actual equity: changing your partner's contributions or outcomes
2. Restore psychological equity: change your perceptions of the relationship and convincing yourself it is really equitable after all 3. Abandon the relationship to seek fairness elsewhere |
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What are the 3 types of commitment?
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1. Personal commitment: people want to continue a relationship because they are attracted to their partners and the relationship is satisfying
2. Constraint commitment: people feel they have to continue a relationship because it would be too costly for them to leave 3. Moral commitment: sense to moral obligation to one's partner or relationship |
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How does commitment impact judgments of alternatives and perceptions of alternatives?
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1. High attentiveness to alternatives = less commitment
2. Commitment = less interest in alternatives, derogation of alternatives |
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What 3 methods did Miller (1997) use in his study on attentiveness to alternatives?
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1. Survey (assessed satisfaction, availability of alternatives, investments, commitment, relationship adjustment, attention to alternatives)
2. Skin conductance test 3. Survey follow-up on relationship status |
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What were the most important correlates (~.50 or higher) with attentiveness to alternatives in Miller's (1997) study?
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Less attention to alternatives:
1. Commitment (-.67) 2. Love (-.55) 3. Satisfaction (-.51) 4. Investments (-.49) 5. Closeness (-.48) More attention to alternatives: 1. Accessibility of alternatives (.53) 2. Quality of alternatives (.51) |
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What was most predictive of breakup in Miller's (1997) study?
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1. Attention to alternatives
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What were the effects of relationship status on the measures in Miller's (1997) study?
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1. Those who were single or casually dating had higher skin conductance than those who were exclusively dating
2. Those who were single or casually dating had greater desire to meet the target alternative than those who were exclusively dating 3. Those who were single or casually dating perceived higher target physical attractiveness than those who were exclusively dating |
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What are the implications of Miller's (1997) study on interdependence theory?
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Lovers may remained committed because they are inattentive to alternatives
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What 3 other processes may account for Miller's (1997) findings?
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1. Those who become unhappy may monitor other options
2. Committed partners may find alternatives pallid by comparison to their current partner 3. People may intentionally reduce interest in alternatives in order to avoid wishing for what they can't have due to the potential losses of leaving their relationship |
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What is face?
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The favorable impression that a person wants others to have of him or her
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What is a face threat?
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When a person's desired identity in an interaction is challenged
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What is the difference between positive and negative face?
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Positive face: desire for validation and respect
Negative face: desire to be free from constraint and imposition |
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What is facework?
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Communication designed to counteract face threats to self and others
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Why is there a dilemma between positive and negative facework?
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One type of face often threatens the other
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What is preventative facework?
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Facework done to prevent face threats from happening
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What are 3 preventative facework strategies?
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1. Avoidance (of certain topics)
2. Disclaimers (hedging, cognitive disclaimer - saying things in a way that minimizes threat) 3. Politeness strategies a. Positive politeness: appreciation of other's value before presentation of threat b. Negative politeness: assurances that partner's freedom will not be unnecessarily curtailed |
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What are 5 corrective facework strategies?
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1. Avoidance (ignoring/pretending not to notice face threat)
2. Humor 3. Apologies 4. Accounts (excuses and justifications) 5. Ritualized sequence of correcting face (challenge, offering, acceptance, thanks) |
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What is aggressive facework?
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An attempt to protect, enhance or restore one's face at the expense of another's face
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What individual difference is present in aggressive facework? Where does aggressive facework occur most often?
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1. Attachment insecurity predicts aggressive facework
2. Occurs most often in intimate relationships |
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How does ending a relationship threaten face?
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1. Threats to dumpee (loss of positive face and negative face (imposition how you want to live your life))
2. Threats to dumper (asserting negative face needs, worries about partner's negative and positive face presents obligation to redress face threat to partner) |
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What are 4 disengagement strategies used to end a relationship?
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1. Avoidance/withdrawal
2. Fait accompli (tell partner it's over without explanation or softening) 3. Pseudo-de-escalation (softening) 4. State-of-the-relationship talk (telling partner why relationship isn't working for you, discussion) |
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What is the most effective repair for face threats in intimate relationships?
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1. Apologies - restores positive face to recipient but threatens giver's positive face
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What are the 2 kinds of social support?
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1. Emotional: messages of care and concern
2. Instrumental: doing explicit acts to demonstrate support |
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How does social support impact relationship satisfaction?
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Increases satisfaction with relationship because partner feels accepted
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What are the 3 requirements of social support?
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1. Making needs known by support seeker
2. Resources by support giver 3. Willingness to give support |
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What 6 behaviors are ineffective support?
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1. Dismissing or minimizing problem
2. Criticizing or blaming other for problem 3. Controlling or providing unwanted advice 4. Over-protection and over-involvement 5. Making partner feel like a burden 6. Making partner feel needy, incompetent, weak |
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What face threats are presented in social support?
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1. Threats to support seeker: positive face (admit weakness), negative face (admit need to rely on others)
2. Threats to support provider: negative face (threat to autonomy) |
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How can difficult disclosures threaten face?
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1. Partner that hears disclosure: threats to positive face (were lied to, cheated on etc.), negative face (emotions dependent on partner's actions)
2. One who discloses: threats to positive face (must disclose info. that threatens conception of themselves as good person), negative face (must tell partner and have regard for their feelings) |
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What are 4 common problematic disclosures?
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1. Mundane opinions
2. Details of past relationships 3. Sexual fantasies 4. Reasons for breaking up |
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What must be considered when deciding to be honest with a partner?
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1. Intent of the disclosure
2. Likely consequence |
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What is the link between honesty, self-enhancement, and self-verification?
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Whether we want our partner to see us as we really are (self-verification) or idealize us (self-enhancement) depends on the issue, type of relationship
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What are the "Four Horsemen" in relationship conflict?
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1. Criticism (aggressive facework)
2. Contempt (rolling eyes) 3. Defensiveness (protecting own face) 4. Stonewalling |
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What are 3 contingent negative sequences exhibited by unhappy couples?
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1. Mutual attack/criticism
2. Mutual withdrawal/self-protection 3. Demand/withdrawal |
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What is the conflict-structure hypothesis?
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1. Partner who wants change demands, partner who does not want change withdraws.
2. If issues initiated by women, demand-withdrawal pattern exhibited; if issues initiated by men, no difference in demand-withdrawal pattern |
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What are 3 predictors of the demand withdrawal pattern?
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1. Unhappiness
2. Neurotic personality 3. Attachment insecurity |
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How can the gender difference in the demand-withdrawal pattern be explained biologically?
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Biological arousal difference in men and women - men have higher levels of distress in conflict and shut down
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What are 3 positive communication techniques?
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1. Saying what we mean
a. Behavior description b. I-statements c. XYZ statements (when you do X in situation Y I feel X) 2. Active listening a. Paraphrasing b. Perception checking 3. Validation |
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According to Gottman's structural mode of marital interaction, what 3 patterns are exhibited by unhappy couples during conflict?
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1. Less positive behavior and more negative behavior
2. Greater predictability of behaviors 3. Longer cycles of reciprocal negative behavior |
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Under what 3 contexts might conflict arise (Fincham)?
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1. When support is poor
2. When backgrounds are characterized by divorce, attachment insecurity, low commitment 3. When external stressors are high |
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What is forgiveness (Fincham)?
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A change whereby one becomes less motivated to think, feel and behave negatively in regard to the offender
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What are the 2 levels of forgiveness?
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1. Intrapersonal: affect and cognition
2. Interpersonal: behavioral |
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What is Gordon and Baucom's stage-process model of forgiveness?
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1. Impact stage: recognition of wrong by injured party
2. Meaning stage: injury party makes sense of act (involves empathy, attributions, affect) 3. Moving on stage: injured party adjusts and moves beyond hurt |
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What is the relationship between satisfaction and forgiveness?
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1. Bidirectional - increased satisfaction led to forgiveness, increased forgiveness led to satisfaction
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What is the relationship between commitment and forgiveness?
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Commitment causes and facilitates forgiveness
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What personality factors are related to forgiveness?
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1. Attachment avoidance and anxiety (silent/intrapersonal forgiveness)
2. Higher agreeableness more likely to forgive 3. Higher neuroticism less likely to forgive |
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What is the effect of forgiveness in situations of conflict?
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1. Forgiveness predicts higher levels of marital satisfaction and lower levels of conflict
2. However, greater forgiveness led to steeper declines in marital satisfaction in the context of high conflict 3. May be because wives experience greater satisfaction when husbands are interacting with them (instead of withdrawing), which happens in frequent conflict |
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What is the prevalence of infidelity in marriage?
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1. Lifetime - 15-25%
2. Year - 1-4% 3. Dating - 25-60% |
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What is the gender prevalence of infidelity?
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1. Men - 22-29% lifetime, 2-4% year
2. Women - 11-15% lifetime, 1-2% year 3. No gender gap anymore due to underestimates by women (because of high unacceptability of infidelity among women) |
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What are the typical characteristics of an affair?
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1. 1-2 in a lifetime
2. Relationship (vs. fling) 3. Develops incrementally 4. 6 months in length 5. Occurs at 7 years of marraige |
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What are the 3 most common motivations for infidelity?
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1. Dissatisfaction and doubts (most common among women)
2. Neglect and distance (equally common in men and women) 3. Sex (more common in men) |
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Are there gender differences in justifications for infidelity?
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1. Sex - men find more justified
2. Both genders find most justified if in love *ALL FIND UNJUSTIFIED* |
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What are predictors of infidelity?
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1. Young age and young marriage age
2. Relationship status (dating) 3. Past behavior (more likely but not predictive) 4. Attachment insecurity 5. Opportunity 6. Relationship quality/distress (.36 association) |
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What is typical couples therapy for affairs?
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1. Stage 1 - Absorbing the blow
2. Stage 2 - Giving meaning and understanding context 3. Stage 3 - Moving forward |
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What did Wievlet et al. conclude about forgiveness?
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Unforgiving responses have bad health outcomes (high blood pressure, negative affect, facial tension, SNS arousal)
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What is the dominant perspective of relationship violence?
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1. Question: why do men beat their wives?
2. Posits that men internalized patriarchal norms and believe partner violence to be an acceptable means to maintain control and domination of wives |
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What is the acceptability of partner violence in relation to gender?
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1. Considered very unacceptable for man to hit woman
2. More acceptable for woman to hit man |
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Do men have more power in relationships?
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No. Women have more power and it is considered more socially acceptable for women to be dominant.
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Do women have higher victimization rates for partner violence than men?
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No, women have the lowest rates of victimization, followed by men in straight relationships, with gay men having the highest rates of partner violence.
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What does partner violence look like?
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1. Most likely not severe (only .5% of women and .3% men report being in past 12 mos)
2. Mostly 1-2 episodes 3. Less than 25% regular occurrence |
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What is the reciprocity of violence?
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1. 51-69% of partner violence is reciprocal, 10-18% man only, 21-28% women only
2. Severe violence and injury most likely when both partners are violent |
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Are women most often injured than men in partner violence?
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1. Most injuries less severe
2. Women 2x more likely to report severe injury than men (1:2 ratio) 3. Men and women have equal amounts medical attention for partner violence |
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Is partner violence committed by women in self-defense?
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1. No, over 60% violence not in self-defense for women; ~40% not self-defense for men
2. More men report violence in self-defense (20%) |
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In what relationship stage is partner violence most likely to occur? What is the course of violence?
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1. More common in dating and cohabiting relationships
2. Usually starts with verbal abuse |
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What is question asked by the psychosocial perspective on partner violence?
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Why are some individuals violent toward their partners?
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What are psychosocial correlates with partner violence?
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1. Difficult childhood relationships (weak)
2. Low self-esteem, dependency, neuroticism (strong) 3. Poor communication and social skills 4. Personality disorders, pathology 5. Attachment anxiety 6. Substance abuse 7. Stress -VIOLENCE COMES FROM PLACE OF WEAKNESS, NOT STRENGTH -Correlates the same for men and women, perpetration and receipt |
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What is the dyadic basis of partner violence?
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1. Why are some relationships at risk for violence?
2. Acknowledges reciprocity of abuse 3. Abuse a form of dysfunctional communication and mutual aggression |
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What is assortative mating?
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1. Tendency for people to get together with others that have similar vulnerabilities
2. Disrupted family backgrounds and problems in dispositions in both partners predicts violence IT IS THE COMBINATION OF PARTNERS THAT IS MOST PREDICTIVE OF BEHAVIOR |
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How is abuse a strategy to regulate distance?
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1. Pursuit: goal to gain/maintain closeness
2. Distancing: goal to gail/maintain distance 3. Violence usually last resort to desperate needs (that come out of attachment insecurity) |
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What is the influence of culture on partner violence (Archer)?
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1. Western countries tend to have more mutuality of violence because of choice of partners, equitable power, and dissolution of relationships possible
2. Violence by male partners against women is more common in countries with low gender equality. Violence by female partners against men more common in countries with high gender equality. (this may have to do with factors like poverty and religion) |
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What is the relationship between sex and relationship satisfaction?
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1. Bidirectional - sex > relationship satisfaction, relationship satisfaction > sex
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How common are sexual incompatibilities and difficulties?
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1. ~20% of married couples > 2 years have little to no sex
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What did Kurdek conclude about gay and lesbian couples?
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1. Basically no difference in sexuality, satisfaction, stability, quality
2. May have more fair distribution of labour, less negative communication patterns (weak), less family support (strong) 3. Comparable to heterosexual cohabiting couples in stability. Stability lower in lesbian couples than gay couples. |
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What did Peplau conclude about gender differences in sexuality?
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1. Women see sex as more relationally-oriented (new research: no difference in sexual motivations)
2. Men link sex with aggression (new research: high levels of sexual coercion in lesbian relationships) 3. Women more sexual plasticity |
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What is the effect of bogus pipeline on women's reporting of sexual partners?
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1. In exposure threat, women underestimate sexual partners
2. In bogus pipeline (when answers more secure), women report higher numbers of sexual partners |
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What is the effect of method of recall on the reported number of sexual partners for men and women?
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1. Enumeration (counting): women report more partners, men report less
2. Tally: women report more partners than men 3. Rough approximation: men report far more partners than women |
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Do women have lower sex drives than men?
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1. Men have more frequent sexual desire and initiate sex more, have more spontaneous arousal than women
2. Men have more sexual thoughts and fantasies, masturbate more, and are less willing to forgo sex than women WOMEN HAVE MODERATELY LOWER SEX DRIVE THAN MEN |
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What is the differential plasticity hypothesis? What are the 3 hypotheses?
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1. Female sexuality more subject to cultural and social factors. Three hypotheses:
a. Within-person variability (variation in degree of sexual activity and masturbation over lifespan, more fluid sexual orientation) b. Sociocultural influence (women more variability across culture, religion, peer and parental influence, education) c. Attitude-behavior consistency: women show more attitude-behavior inconsistency (engage in activity against values, engage when they don't desire to) |
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What is the effect of education on sexual orientation?
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1. Both genders experience higher same-sex attraction with more education (women more attraction, but men more likely to act on attraction)
2. Higher levels of education have more impact on women's attitudes and behaviors |
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Why is the power explanation for differential plasticity uncompelling?
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1. Women are only more malleable in the sexuality sphere, not in other areas of life
2. Women control most sexual behavior 3. Power does not account for masturbation and sexual orientation |
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What are the problems with focusing on couples therapy?
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1. Most couples do not seek therapy before separating, those who do wait a long time
2. Only 1/2 of couples who receive therapy improve, only 1/3 become non-distressed 3. Treatment effects dissipate over time |
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What are 3 types of predictors of relationship dissatisfaction?
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1. Static predictors (age at marriage, parental divorce)
2. Life events/external stressors (transition to parenthood, job loss) 3. Dynamic predictors (aggression, negative communication, social support) |
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What are the 4 danger signs the PREP program is designed to eliminate?
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1. Escalation
2. Invalidation 3. Negative interpretations 4. Avoidance and withdrawal |
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What is the speaker/listener technique?
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1. Speaker rules:
a. Speaks for self and does not mind read b. Does not ramble c. Stops to let listener paraphrase 2. Listener: a. Paraphrase b. Does not rebut 3. Rules for both: a. Speaker has floor b. Speaker keeps floor while listener paraphrases c. Share the floor |
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What effect does PREP have on problem-solving behavior?
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1. More positive communication, fewer negative communication patterns, higher relationship and sexual satisfaction
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Why is RO-PREP superior to U-PREP?
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1. Leaders are known, trusted and involved in couples' lives in a way university leaders cannot be
2. RO-couples older and more religious (due to cluster randomization - sites, not couples, randomly assigned to treatment type) 3. Only couples seeking RO-PREP included |
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What is the PREP's effect on the satisfaction for low-risk couples?
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1. Lowers satisfaction for both partners, especially women
2. PREP may be damaging to low-risk couples, therefore high-risk couples should be targeted |
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What is the ideology of marriage and the family (DePaulo and Morris)?
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1. Assumption that everyone wants to married, marrieds are happier, less lonely, more mature, and lead more complete lives that singles
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Why are singles becoming increasingly prevalent?
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1. Later age at marriage
2. People live longer 3. Divorce more prevalent 4. Women live longer than men |
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What is evidence of singlism in society (DePaulo and Morris)?
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1. Negative stereotypes (moderated by age, prior relationships)
a. Singles less mature, less happy, more lonely 2. Interpersonal rejection - singles rejected by coupled friends 3. Legal discrimination - job, death, insurance, tax benefits of marrieds not applied to singles |
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Are singles more unhappy than married people?
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1. No, singles happier
2. Marriage does not make people happier - gender, relationship quality, income, race, age does |
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Why aren't singles miserable?
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1. Have close relationships with siblings, friends that fulfill needs. Many have children, and if they do not, friends and siblings are often better companions
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What are the advantages to being single?
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1. Broader social networks
2. Autonomy, pursuit of own interests, solitude |
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Do people that divorce have high life satisfaction?
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1. No, life satisfaction significantly less if divorce, bounces back a bit after divorce but not to same level as at beginning of relationship
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Do people that become widowed have high life satisfaction?
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1. Yes. Low satisfaction at widowhood, but bounce back to prior levels
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What are 4 problems with the expectation that a partner will be an all-in-one solution to needs?
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1. Unrealistic goals will lead to disappointment
2. Focus on romantic love may undermine marital success 3. Undermines collective goals (child-rearing, community) 4. Loss of support from extended networks |
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How does the all-in-one expectation fare regarding central theories?
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1. Dialectics: having a partner meet all needs will inherently lead to conflict between independence and autonomy, privacy and openness
2. Pair bonding: if the pair bond facilitates child-rearing, there should be other bonds to fill our other needs 3. Attachment and caregiving: it is unreasonable to expect 1 person to fulfill all our caregiving and attachment needs. Can lead to preoccupied attachment or compulsive caregiving. 4. Interdependence: Basing our life outcomes on 1 relationship can make it vulnerable to our expectations and other alternatives. Expectations will become higher and be disappointed if met by only 1 person. 5. Face management/communication: relying on partner to meet all needs can lead to conflict; need to meet positive and negative face needs outside of primary dyad |
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What are the 4 common models of couples therapy?
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1. Psychodynamic: role of unconscious forces in how partners perceive one another's behaviors
2. Systems: rules or principles that govern and restrict the exchange of behaviors 3. Behavioral: rewarding and punishing properties of exchanged behaviors and their associated cognitions 4. Emotion: manner in which different affective exchanges can inhibit and promote intimate bonds |
