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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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List some of the traits which helped humans evolve |
-big brain -opposable thumbs -molar dentition -sexual reporduction -tools and technology -complex social structure |
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How does interdependence relate to human's RRR? |
we depend on one another to survive and our RRR is based in culture thus we need each other to survive -begins at family level and extends to cultural level |
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Lovelock's view of climate change? |
-not humans fault but sun is naturally getting hotter |
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Define Culture |
-shared rules which govern a community or society e.g.; for raising children, making decisions, using tools, using symbols -set of values, beliefs and attitudes shared by most of community members -enables specialization and develops the RRR -multiple tribes together=culture -our genetic underpinnings stems from tribal living |
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How does richness response repertoire of humans differ from rabbits? |
rabbits have many skills which allow them to adapt to a changing environment however they exist within the individual -humans have complex RRR but it exists within our culture thus we must depend on each other in order to access it |
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Affirming the consequent |
a logical fallacy which assumes that all traits evolved due to usefulness, however some happened purely by chance |
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what two factors cause specialization? |
-abundance: when there is a lot of one food, animals will lose skill for hunting other kinds -scarcity: species will downsize in order to occupy a niche -occured during human's agricultural phase |
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What is the social cushion? |
-culture acts as a cushion against the environment -industrial societies are more immersed in cushion that agricultural -as a result we look down upon those who are in most contact with natural environment |
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ethnocentrism |
seeing own group/culture as the only correct and real one |
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pluralistic ignorance |
assuming that others hold the same beliefs and ideas as you |
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transactional view |
psychological behaviours are rooted in physical and social context true meaning is only found in context |
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one trail learning |
learning to avoid something after just one negative experience |
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negative bias |
negative adjectives have more influence than positive ones |
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mobilization minimization hypothesis |
highly motivated to reduce negative events but after they occur we minimize their effects on us |
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Two theories for why we avoid negative stimulus so strongly? |
-radar mechanism: we unconsciously avoid negative stimulus and are unaware of it so it is very jarring when it occurs -we always expect positive things to happen and negativity stands out |
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increasing differentiation |
everything is getting more complex and distinct ; language, science, art |
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Principle Mechanisms responsible fro cultural differences |
-economic underpinnings -history -survival needs -environment |
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Attributes of a tribe according to Human Zoo movie |
-initiation ceremonies -uniforms -smaller groups usually max 150 people -mark their territory -hierarchy, ritualized behaviours |
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When did Dominant Social Paradigm come into effect? |
since industrial revolution (1760-1840) after scientific revolution |
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how does DSP relate to environmentalism |
correlates indirectly with concern for environment |
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Who were Key enlightenment thinkers and what did they contribute to DSP? |
-Argued that nature is inert. challeneged superstition, religion, animistic thinking -Frnacis Bacon -Baruch Spinoza -Issac newton -Rene Descartes: mind/body dualism -Copernicus |
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How did Scientific Revolution contribute to DSP? |
-nature can and should be controlled -nature was seen as a machine with many components that act according to laws -John Locke, Bacon |
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Who is Alan Greenspan? |
-famous economist who used to encourage maximum economic growth eventually retracted his statement and rallied for sustainability instead |
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how does preindustrial culture differ from industrial cultures? |
-pre: nature is living, innate part of human life, imbue animistic qualities and anamorphic beliefs -post: houses and buildings shield people from natural world and view it as separate from their lives and unaffected by their actions |
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"Death of Nature" |
-seeing world as orderly, mechanical instead of anamorphic |
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Assumption 1 of DSP and what contributed |
-Nature is composed of inert physical elements -enlightenment thinkers -industrialization -newton |
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Assumption 2 of DSP and what contributed |
-Nature should and can be controlled -scientific revolution -Genesis: bible says we have dominion -Locke: land ownership as starting point for democracy, cited bible, urged cultivation of private land |
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Assumption 3 of DSP and what contributed |
-Mechanical worldview prevailed over church's views -Locke+ Protestant Reformers imbued work/land ownership with spiritual significance -Hobbes: nature must be subdued -Adam Smith: state should leave individuals alone to amass wealth -Bentham: material wealth is what we most desire -Thomas Paine: we are responsible for our own happiness -Marx: communism, capitalism etishizes wealth |
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Assumption 4 of DSP and what contributed |
-We must progress -westerners view time as linear and progressive so we must always be going up and improving -Spencer: everything becomes more complex -Manifest Destiny -Arthur Lovejoy: Great Chain of being established hierarchy -Sustainability is seen as stagnation |
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Lynn White |
historian who argues that Christianity is responsible for destruction of environment some argue that destruction is good s it allows stronger species to replace them |
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Buddhism and eco |
interconnectedness, compassion, modesty and balance of indulgence and destruction |
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Judaism |
traditionally anthropocentric, now have laws to protect environment |
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Daoism |
we must follow path of least resistance, not fight against nature, nature is alive, not inert |
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Inculcated vs Practical behaviours |
inc: socialsed, learned behaviours; creates moral codes and social norms, can be as strong and unchangeable as genetic predispositions Pracitcal: everyday activités that can be changed over lifetime |
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what function do inculcated behaviours have? |
-control and shape groups -cause us to act in certain ways which may not always benefit the individual -ensures cooperation |
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How is inculcated behaviour possible? |
-we can inculcate offspring and humans have ability to learn behaviours -evolution of language abilities |
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What were inculcated behaviours of early tribes like? |
-egalitarian: focus on sharing of goods, punish those who don't cooperate |
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How do inculcated behaviours manage groups? |
-allows genetically different people to stay in group as long as they follow managers (unlike in insect colonies) -works better in late groups than reciprocal altruism and kin selection (those these can still exist in small tribes within larger community) -ethnocentricity is key: seeing others as lesser and not interacting with them -must treat all behavioural changes as bad (managers can't be changed within a groups lifetme) |
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What features make for the best managers? |
-promote cooperation, gets rid of free riders etc -supernatural beliefs, tied to religion, mythology -managers that are concrete and specific don't last as they can not stand up to new discoveries about the world |
