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109 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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substantial limitations in present functioning. characterized by significantly subaverage intellectual functioning, existing concurrentl with reltaed limitatins in two or more areas: communication, self care, home living, social skills, etc. manifests before age 18.
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mental retardation, defined by the AAMR
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a person's conceptual intelligence and intellectual functioning, emphasizing problem solving related to academic material.
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IQ score meaning
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skills needed to adapt to one's living environment, usually estimated by an adaptive behavior survey, one of two major components of the AAMR definition.
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Adaptive Behavior
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How does the AAMR currently classify mental retardation?
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according to how much suppor they need to function as competently as possible.
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What are intermittent supports?
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supports on an as needed basis, characterized by episodic nature, person not always needing the support, or short term supports needed during life span transitions. May be high or low intensity when provided.
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What are limited supports?
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An intensity of supports characterized by consistency over time and time limited but not of an intermittent nature, may require fewer staff members and less costs than more instense levels of support.
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What are extensive supports?
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Characterized by regular involvement, in at least some environments and not time limited.
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What are pervasive supports?
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Supports characterized by their constancy, high intensity, provided across environments, potential ife sustaining nature. Typically involve more staff members and intrusiveness than do extensive or time limited supports.
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In what percentage of cases is the cause of a child's mental retardation known?
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IT is known in about 50% of cases.
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What are the three possible causes of mental retardation?
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Perinatal, postnatal, and prenatal.
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What are the different types of prenatal causes for mental retardation?
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1. Chromosomal
2.inborn errors of metabolism 3. developmental disorders affecting brain formation (hydrocephalus, microecephalus) 4. environmental influences (fetal alcohol syndrome) |
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What are the different types of perinatal causes for mental retardation?
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Anoxia - complete deprivation of oxygen during birth. low birthweight, syphilis, and herpes simplex
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What are the different types of postnatal causes for mental retardation?
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Biological - traumatic brain injury, meningitis, encephalitis,
Psychosocial - cultural familial mental retardation |
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What two things are given to assess mental retardation?
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a survey is given to assess different adaptive skills and an IQ test is given in order to assess intelligence needs.
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6 Major Areas people with mental retardation typically experience deficits in
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1. attention
2. memory 3. language development 4. self regulation 5. social development 6. motivation |
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People with mental retardation usually have deficits in their working memory, which is ...
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the ability to keep info in mind whil simultaneously doing another cognitive task.
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People with mental retardation have problms with metacognition which is...
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a person's awareness of what strategies are needed to perform a task, the ability to plan how to use the strategies, and the evluation of how well the strategis are working.
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Do all individuals with mental retardation have similar deficits?
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No, they may have some similarities but each person is different. Some genetic syndromes are linked to particular behavior phenotypes.
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What are 10 instructional methods used when working with children with mental retardation?
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inclusion, promote self determination, readiness skills, functional academics, systematic instruction, instruction in real life settings with real materials, functional behavior assessment and positive behavioral support.
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What is the function of functional academics?
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to teach the child in order to learn to function independently.
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The child learns academics in order to do such things as.... in functional academics?
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read a newspaper, read the telephone book, read labels at a store, make change, and fill out job applications.
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What is functional behavioral assessment
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practice of determining the consequences antecedents, setting events of inappropriate behavior.
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What is the positive behavioral support?
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Teachers can develop a positive behavioral support based on the results of the FBA. The PBS is a systematic use of the science of behavior to find ways of supporting the desirable behavior of an individual rather than punishing the undesirable behavior.
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The PBS focuses on the .... of the student
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total environment
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Some proponents of PBS place an emphasis on implementing __________ to promote positive behavior in all students, not just those with disabilities.
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school wide plans
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Where do most people with mental retardation live as adults?
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most live with their families, but also live in smaller community residential facilities.
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Are adults with mental retardation typically employed?
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not as much as they could be. 37% of people were competitively employed in 1996.
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There are two main types of employment for people with mental retardation:
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1. sheltered workshop (a facilitiy that provides a structured environment for persons with disabilities in which they can learn skills
2. supported competitive employment: a workplace that provides employment that pays at least minimum wage and in which most workers are nondisabled. They receive ongoign assistance from a job coach or specialist. |
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Name some major misconceptions regarding ADHD.
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1. all children with ADHD are hyper
2. The primary symptom of ADHD is inattention 3. ADHD is a fad, primarily the rsult of minimal brain injury |
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Name the diagnostic criteria for ADHD as listed by the DSM.
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fails to give close attention to details, makes careless mistakes, difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play, doesn't seem to listen when spoken to.
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What percentage of students with ADHD are served in special education?
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1/3 to 1/2 cases referred. 3-5% of school age population have ADHD. It is difficult to estimate how many are in special education.
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ADHD is or is not included as a separate category of special education.
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is not
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What four sources of evidence should be used to assess whether a child has ADHD?
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1. a medical examination
2. A clinical interview 3. Teacher and parenting rating scales |
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What causes ADHD?
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neurological dysfunction. abnormalities in the frontal lobes, basal ganglia, and cerebellum. Also dopamine, hereditary factors, toxins and chemical factors.
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What are the brain abnormalities in people with ADHD?
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Smaller frontal lobes, basal ganglia and cerebellums.
In the frontal lobes, prefrontal lobes are especially affected and are responsible for executive functions such as the ability to regulate one's own behavior. The caudate and globus pallidus are abnormal in the basal ganglia. |
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What are the caudate and globus pallidus responsible for?
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coordination and control of motor behavior. In the cerebellum, it is responsible for the coordination and control of motor behavior.
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Describe Barkley's model of ADHD.
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Behavioral inhibition is key. It proposes that problems in behavioral inhibition set the stage for problems in executive functions, which then disrupts the persons' ability to engage in persistent goal oriented behavior.
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What is behavioral inhibition?
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The ability to withhold a planned response, to interrupt a response that has been started or to protect an ongoing activity from interfering activities; and to delay a response.
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What are the 4 general ways ppl can exhibit problems in executive function, according to Barkley's model?
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1. often have probs with working memory
2. delayed inner speech (inner voice) 3. problems controlling their emotions and their arousal levels 4. difficulty analyzing problems and communicating solutions to others. |
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According to Barkley's model, the inattention in ADHD represents an impairment in ..... arising from poor inhibition and the toll it takes on self regulation.
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goal or task directed persistence
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Inattention should be seen as a ...... and it is the consequence of the impairment that behavioral inhibition and interference control create in the self regulation or executive control of behavior.
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secondary symptom
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Do individuals with ADHD have problems with adaptive skills and or socializing?
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Yes. They have more probs related to driving, more accidents and traffic violations. Some people think social problems are so prevalent in those with ADHD that they should be the main characteristic of the disability.
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Describe some conditions that tend to overlap with ADHD?
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learning disabilities 10-25%
emotional/behavioral disorders 25-50% substance abuse - twice as likely than other kids, same with cigs. |
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What is contingency based self-management?
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educational techniques that involve having students keep track of their own behavior, for which they then receive consequences (reinforcement)
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Summarize the lesson sequence for working with students with ADHD in the gen ed classroom.
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1. pre-planning
2. introduction 3. instruction and modeling 4. guided practice 5. independent practice 6. closure and review |
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Why is treating ADHD with medication controversial?
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some think that children with ADHD are more likely to avuse drugs due to the medication.
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Do they symptoms of ADHD disppear by adulthood?
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2/3 of those diagnosed in childhood will have symptoms in adulthood.
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What are the symptoms in adulthood for ADHD?
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difficulty getting organized, procrastination, trouble getting started, many projects going simultaneously w/o following throuh, intolerance of boredom, easy disatractibility, often creative and highly intelligent, mood swings, self esteem issues, worry needlessly and endlessly, sense of insecurity, impatient, impulsive.
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The federal definition for emotional and behavioral disorders includes symptoms such as:
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1. an inability to learn that can't be explained by intellectual, sensory or health factors
2. An inability to maintain satisfactoy reltaionships wit peers and teachers. 3. Inappropriate types of behavior or feelings under normal circumstances 4. A tendency to develop physical symptoms or fears associated with personal or school problems |
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The alternative definition for emotional and behavioral disorders includes symptoms such as:
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1. more than a temporary, expectded response to stressful events in the environment
2. unresponsive to direct intervention in general education 3. characterized by behavioral or emotional responses in school different from appropriate age, cultural, and ethnic norms that adversely effect educational norms. |
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What is the prevalance of emotional and behavioral disorders in the U.S.?
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at least 6-10% of children
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What percent of students with EBD's are educated in the regular classroom?
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80%
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What is the prevalence of anxiety disorders?
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13 out of every 100
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What is the prevalance of severe depression?
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2 out of every 100 children may have major, and 8/100 are affected by depression
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What is the prevalence of conduct disorder?
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1-4/100 kids
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What is the prevalence of eating disorders?
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Anorexia effects one in every 100 to 200. Bulimia effects one to three of every 100.
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What is the prevalence of autism?
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ten to twelve of every 10,000 children
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What is the prevalence of schizophrenia?
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5 out of every 1000 children
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What are some characteteristics of children with EBD?
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1. score in the slow learner or mildly mentally retarded range on IQ tests.
2. 44% failed at least one course in the past year 3. Absent more than children from any other disability category 4. 2/3 couldn' pass competency exams for their grade level |
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What are some social skills/relationships characteristics of children with EBDs?
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students with emotional and behavioral disorders experience great difficulty in making and keeping friends
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What are the general possible causes for EBD?
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1. biological
2. environmental 3. family 4. school 5. society |
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What did Dodge identify as three pimary causal factors of EBD's in all conceptual models?
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1. adverse early rearing environment
2. aggressive pattern of behavior displayed upon entering school 3. social rejection by peers |
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One factor in the causes of family affecting EBD is .....
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child abuse
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Name some problems/barriers to early intervention with EBDs?
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1. a child must have a concrete diagnosis before an appropriate mental health referral can be made
2. Poverty, homelessness, child abuse and neglect, and substance abuse of parents complicate addressing the emotiona and behavioral problems of children. 3. overall shortage of quality, affordable child care |
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What are some solution/treatments/support services for EBDs?
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1. eastblish an easier way to identify emotional and behavior disorders such as the behavior assessment system for children.
2. a reliable and psychometrically sophisticated instrument that has been standardized on a pop with developmental disabilities and is beneficial in assessing the relatinship btw emotional and behavioral disorders in children w developmental disabilities and may improve clinical mangement of these probs 3. provides a comprehensive measure of a child's adaptive and problem behaviors in community and home settings |
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What are teacher expectations for teaching kids with EBDs?
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the teacher needs to explicity clearly and fairly define behavioral expectations
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What are the 4 assessment skills used for assessing intepersonal relationships for students with EBDs?
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1. observation
2. behavioral rating scales 3. sociometric techniques 4. self-reports |
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Children who exhibit symptoms of EBD or have EBD have a higher likelihood of having a __________
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learning disability
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Students with LD have a higher likelihood of experiencing __________. The rates range from _____
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depression; 14-36%
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Give a few reasons why children with LD can develop depression.
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1. unable to bear the repeated frustration and failure that they can experience because of the LD.
2. the child's LD can have related consequences that can contribute to depression (pull out services, being labeled) |
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One LD that may make depression more likely is ________
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core language deficits
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in 1985 in LA, ____ of children under age 15 who committed suicide had been diagnosed with an LD.
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50%
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Depressed children exhibit several academic symptoms. Name 3.
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1. cognitive errors like overgeneralizatio
2. greater difficulty remembering the contents of positive events 3. greater difficulty remembering correct answers that are given to them following their mistakes. |
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Name two motivational techniques that can help students with depression.
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1. have the student ID and reflect on strengths and weaknesses.
2. post positive coping skills around the classroom. |
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Name some symptoms of mania.
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1. severe changes in mood
2. increased energy 3. overley inflated self esteem 4. increased talking 5. distractibility 6. hypersexuality 7. goal directed activity or physical agitatin 8. disregard of risk |
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Name some characteristics of bipolar disorder.
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1. difficult to recognize and diagnose in youth b/c its symptoms can resemble or co-occur with those of other common childhood onset mental disorders.
impairs functioning in school destructive outbursts more complaints of physical symptoms |
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What type of treatment is often used for bipolar disorder?
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mood stabilizers, behavioral treatment
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Define learning disabilities
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group of disorders manifested by significant difficulties in the acquisition and use of listening, speaking, reading, writing, reasoning, or mathematical abilities.
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What is the prevalence of children with LD?
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5-6% of students age 6-17
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How much do boys outnumber girls in learning disabilities?
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3 to 1
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LDs are presumed to be caused mostly by ___________
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CNS dysfunction
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What are the 2 ID procedures to identify LDs?
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1. IQ achievement discrepancy
2. Response to Intervention |
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What is IQ achievement discrepancy and what are the disadvantages of this techniqu?
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IT is a comparision between scores on standardized/intelligence
Disadvantages: 1. formulas can be statistically flawed. 2. IQ is a poor predictor of reading ability 3. IQ test is dependent on reading ability. |
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What is response to intervention?
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teachers provide increasingly intensive levels of instruction and if the student doesn't achieve at some point he/she is determined to have an LD or referred for special education evaluation.
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What are the 4 types of assessment for students with LD?
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1. standardized achievement assessment - compares individuals score to the norm.
2. formative assessment - used to monitor an individual student's progress, compares how he/she performs in light of their ability. 3. informal reading invenstory (IRI) used to assess reading, teacher provides increasingly difficult series of passages or words and notes the difficulty level and the types of errors that the student makes when reading. 4. Authentic assessment - used to assess the student's critical thinking and problem solving abilities in real life situations. portfolios of the child's work are often assembled. |
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Three dificulties with reading that children with an LD are most likely to experience are
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1. decoding - the ability to convert print to spoken word
2. fluency - the ability to read effortlessly an smoothly at the normal rate with appropriate expression 3. comprehension - the ability to understand what one has read. |
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What are some accomodations for reading instruction?
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1. presentation of material - use large print with few items per page/line, break down a passage into many smaller events, present instructions orally
2. Response - allow for verbal responses or dictation to a scribe, allow tape recorder use or computer to type responses on 3. Timing - allow extended breaks, extended allotted time to take the test 4. setting 5. test scheduling |
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T/f: parenting is the root of most EBDs
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false, children also influence the parents
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t/f: the treatment of an EBD should be biological
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F, seldom sufficient to resolve the problem. Medication is usuall only a part of the intervention needed.
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t/f: teachrs have no real effect on the behavior and outcomes of children with EBDs.
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false, they do have an effect.
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if students had not been influenced by culture, they would not have EBDs.
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false, the culture in which a child is reared influences his/her emotional, social, and behavioral development.
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Who can diagnose LD?
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clinical psychologist, school psychologist, educational psychologist, neuropsychologist, psychometrist,
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Name some types of environmental modification for ADHD?
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organization, high structure, schedules, use of charts, repeating directions, using cues, opportunities to expend energy, limiting tv and video games.
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ADHD is a condition characterized by three things:
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1. inattention
2. hyperactivity 3. impulsivity |
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What is the prevalence of ADHD?
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3-5% of school age kids.
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What is the prevalence of ADHD in boys versus girls?
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5 to 1. boys tends to exhibit the highly noticeable hyperactive/impulsive type of ADHD, where girls are more likely to exhibit the inattentive type.
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4 Important components that determine whether a student has ADHD:
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medical examination
a clinical review teacher and parent rating scales behavioral observations |
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What is the cause of ADHD?
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probably neurological abnormalities, but not actual brain damage.
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What does giftedness refer to?
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Cognitive superiorit, creativity, and motivatiion of sufficient magnitude to set the child apart from the cast majority of age mates and make it possible for him or her to coontribute something of particular value to society.
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What are Sternerg and Zhang's criteria for determining giftedness?
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1. excellence
2. rarity 3. demonstrability 4. productivity 5. value |
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What factors contribute to giftedness?
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great support and encouragement for the child's development, most parents were role models, encouraged to participate in events in which the child's capabilities were displayed in public, parents sought special instruction and teachers for the child.
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What groups of children are usu. overlooked in programs for gifted and talented learners?
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ethnic minorities
students w/ disabilities females |
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what is enrichment
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an approach in which additional learning experiences are provided for students w special gifts or talents while they remain in the grade levels appropriate for their chronological ages.
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what is acceleration
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an approach in which students w speicla gifts or talents are placed in grade levels ahead of their age peers in one or more academic subjects.
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resources in person's environment that can be used for support, such as friends, family, and co-workers.
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natural supports
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ability to solve problems related to academics; usually estimated by an IQ test; one of two major components of the AAMR definition.
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intellectual functioning.
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the traditional conceptualization of intelligence, emphasizing problem solving related to academic material; what IQ tests primarily assess.
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conceptual intelligence
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the ability to solve problems related to activities of daily living
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practical intelligence.
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the ability to understand social expecatations and to cope in social situations
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social intelligence
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