Psyc 308 Social Perception

Front 1

6 universal emotions

Back 1

digust
fear
anger
joy
saddness
surprise

Front 2

what 2 other emotions might make the universal list?

Back 2

pride
embarrassment

Front 3

DISPLAY RULES

Back 3

culturally determined rules about which nonverbal behaviors are appropriate

Front 4

Micro-expressions

Back 4

Fleeting facial expressions (40ms-.5sec)
True emotions sneak out
Easiest to detect in slow motion
Some people are better than others
Improves with practice

Front 5

why might men be better at detecting lies

Back 5

because women turn it off out of politeness

Front 6

Who’s better at decoding non-verbal communication, men or women?

Back 6

women

Front 7

IMPLICIT PERSONALITY THEORIES:

Back 7

Schemas used to group various personality traits

Front 8

Fritz Heider

Back 8

studied Attribution Theories

Front 9

To know whether people will make internal or external attribution, need to know 3 things:

Back 9

Distinctiveness: does this person act this way all the time?

Consistency: does this person act the same way always
Consensus : do other act the same way?

Front 10

CORRESPONDENCE BIAS

Back 10

The tendency to infer that someone’s behaviour matches their personality or disposition

Front 11

FAE documents a general tendency to overlook the....

Back 11

power of the situation!

Often fail to notice how the situation influences our and other’s behaviour

Front 12

ACTOR/OBSERVER DIFFERENCE: Tendency to see:

Back 12

other’s behaviour caused by their disposition, but
our own behaviour caused by the situation

Front 13

SELF SERVING ATTRIBUTIONS:

Back 13

Explanations for success credit oneself, but failures blame external circumstances

Front 14

BELIEF IN A JUST WORLD:

Back 14

A defensive attribution where people assume bad things happen to bad people
-can lead to blaming the victim

Front 15

this animal is adept at not only reading non verbals in its own species, but also at reading non verbals in humans

Back 15

dogs

Front 16

mirror neurons

Back 16

brain cells that flicker automatically and involntarily in response when we perform an action and when we see someone else perform the same action
for ex. smelling something digusting and looking at someone with a disgusted expression activate the same region of the brain

Front 17

encode

Back 17

to express or emit non verbal behaviour such as smiling or patting osmeone on the back

Front 18

decode

Back 18

to interpret hte meaning of hte nonverbal behaviour other people express such as deciding that a pat on the back was an expression of condescension and not kindness

Front 19

how is the facial expression of disgust evolutionariyl backed up?

Back 19

wrinkle nose like smelling something bad
and then expell from mouth

Front 20

the fore people

Back 20

tribe in New guinea that had little contact with weesterners.
were told stories and shown photos of americans expressing emotions. the fore matched emotions almost as well as americans.
photographs were taken of fore expressing emotions, and americans could also decode accurately

Front 21

other emotions then the 6 have been added to the list:

Back 21

pride, embarrassment, anxietym shame and guilt

Front 22

issues with the 6 emotions. why might htey not be considered universal?

Back 22

-different cultures have trouble recognizing certain emotions
-have difficulty depending on which face comes before/after
-the situation can influence the emotion red from a face
-

Front 23

affect blend

Back 23

a facial expression in which one part of the face is registering one emotion and another part is registering a different one

Front 24

what happens when we try to express our emotional facial expressions

Back 24

increase in blood pressure
more negative meotions
and less rapport with conversational partner

Front 25

emblems

Back 25

non verbal gestures that ahve well understood definitions with in a given culture; they usually have direct verbal translations such as the okay sign

Front 26

social role theory

Back 26

the theory that sex differences in social behaviour derive from societys division of labour between the sexes:this division lead to differences in gender role expectations, none of which are responsible for differences in men and womens behaviour

Front 27

implicit personality theory

Back 27

a type of schema people use to group varios kinds of personality traits together; for example many people believe that if someone is kind, he or she is generous too

Front 28

when can implicit personality theory usage be a huge problem?

Back 28

condom use:
people believe that if someone is not from a big city, doesn't dress provocatively that they couldn't be HIV positive

Front 29

westerners fall prey to the what is beautiful is good personality theory. This cultural group doesn't because...

Back 29

collectivist: asia. more likely to put more emphasis on the groups te person belongs to

Front 30

shi gu

Back 30

chinese personality type
worldly, devoted to family and socialy skilled

Front 31

attribution theory

Back 31

a description of hte way in which people explain the causes of their own and other people's behaviour

Front 32

covariation model

Back 32

a theory stating that in order to form an attribution about what caused behaviour we systematically note hte pattern between the presence or absence of possible causal factors and wether or not the behaviour occurs

Front 33

consensus information

Back 33

-the extent to which other people behave the same way as teh actor does twoards the same stimulus

Front 34

distinctiveness info

Back 34

info about the extent to which one particular actor behaves in the same way to different stimuli

Front 35

consistency info

Back 35

information about the extent to which the behaviour between one actor and one stimulus is the same across time and circumstance

Front 36

people are most likely to make an external attribution is ___ ___ ___ are all high

Back 36

consensus, distincitvess and consistency

Front 37

situational attribution

Back 37

assumes something unusual or peculiar is going on in these circumstances
-consistency is low
ie. the boss just received bad news and lost temper with firt person he saw

Front 38

people are likely to make an internal attribution if it is low in ______ low in____ and high in_____

Back 38

-low in consensus
-distincitveness,
high in consistency

Front 39

the covariation model assumes that people make causal attributions in a ______ way

Back 39

logical

Front 40

the covariation mode lportrays people as ____ ____. this is a problem because people rely more on consistency and distintivess when formig attributions. You also don't always have all information needed, so sometimes you ____ ___ ______ _____.

Back 40

master detectives
fill in the blanks

Front 41

correspondence bias

Back 41

the tendency to infer that peoles behaviour corresponds to or matches their dispositions and personality has been called the correspondence bias

Front 42

how do attributions effect sentencing for crimes?

Back 42

if hte assualt is seen as the result of a decision to be violent or due to the offender's nature, the sentence was harsher than if situational or external attributions were made

Front 43

FAE fundamental attribution error

Back 43

the tendency to overestimate the extent to which peoples behaviour is the result of dispositional facotors and to understimate the role of the situation

Front 44

experiment the suggests the FAE

Back 44

-fidel castro essays

Front 45

perceptual salience

Back 45

visual view point
-helps explin why the FAE is so widespread.
-We focus our attention more on people than on the surrounding situation because the situation is hard to see or know

Front 46

2 step attribution process

Back 46

make internal attributional first
-look at situation and possibly adjust original attribution

Front 47

how does the FAE lead to victim blaming?

Back 47

suggest that victims shoul have excersized moe rcontrol over hte situation but didnt

Front 48

actor/observer difference

Back 48

the tendency to see other poeples behaviour as dispositionally caused while focusing more on the role of situational factors when explaining own behaviour
-maybe because our own situation not our behaviour is perceptually salient
-where as its the opposite for other people

Front 49

self serving attributions

Back 49

explanations for one's successes that crecit internal dispositional factor and explanations for ones failure that blame external situational factors

Front 50

self serving attributions as sports example:

Back 50

When you win: more likely to say that its because of you and your team
when you loose: more likely to blame environment: ie. humidity

Front 51

2functions ofhte self serving bias

Back 51

makes us feel that actions are justified
makes us beleive that we contribute more than others

Front 52

defensive attributions

Back 52

explanations for behaviourthat avoid feeligns of vulnerability and mortality

Front 53

unrealistic optimism

Back 53

-type of defensive atribution
-people think that good things are more likely to happen to them than their peers and vice versa for bad things

Front 54

example of unrealistic optimism in study:

Back 54

first years asked how long they thought there relationship would last. They thought much longer than actual. There parents and roomates were asked, and they were much better at predicting time

Front 55

example of irrationality used to maintain a belief in a just world

Back 55

-beheading on the grey hound
-pastor in kansas suggested god had him do it because of canada's liberal stance on homsexuality and abortion