Psyc 302 Midterm 2

Front 1

pain relevant loci

Back 1

1)periphery(skin,viscera,joints,muscles)
2)DRG
3)dorsal horn
4)brain

Front 2

Ascending Pathway

Back 2

Pain matrix
1)thalamus
2)S1,S2
3)limbic cortex

Front 3

Descending Pathway

Back 3

not motor
1)hypothalamus
2)midbrain
3)brainstem
4)spinal cord

Front 4

nociceptor

Back 4

unipolar neuron
has free nerve ending (not specialized structure)
looks for adequate stimuli

Front 5

adequate stimuli

Back 5

heat,pressure,chemical,noxious

Front 6

multipolar neuron

Back 6

multiple dendrites one axon. Major neuron in body
ex)motor,interneurons

Front 7

bipolar neuron

Back 7

one dendrite one axon
found only in ear and eye

Front 8

unipolar neuron

Back 8

ex)all sensory including nociceptor
cell body coming from single hole and have one left dendrite and on right axon

Front 9

glove and stocking distribution

Back 9

found in some pain syndromes
feel pain in toes then over time spreads to different parts
reason: large neurons are more fragile and affected first by injury.The largest neuron is the one going to toe.

Front 10

endoneurium

Back 10

membrane surrounding axon

Front 11

perineurium

Back 11

membrane surrounding nerve bundle

Front 12

epineurial

Back 12

running alongside nerve like a epineurial blood vessel

Front 13

dermatome

Back 13

part of body which the spinal nerve in question is coming from

Front 14

afferent

Back 14

periphery to brain

Front 15

efferent

Back 15

brain to periphery

Front 16

ipsilateral

Back 16

same side where you did something

Front 17

contralateral

Back 17

opposite side

Front 18

dermatomal distribution

Back 18

pain is on the nerve
ex)shingles

Front 19

substantia gelatinosa

Back 19

in dorsal horn
important for pain processing

Front 20

dorsal horn

Back 20

sensory afferent go into it

Front 21

ventral horn

Back 21

cell bodies of motor/interneurons (efferents) come out of it

Front 22

dorsolateral fasciculus

Back 22

has no cell bodies here just spot where axons coming into

Front 23

rexed's laminae

Back 23

particular parts of horns

Front 24

second order neurons

Back 24

in the spinal cord
cross the spine because all sensory info crosses side even pain
(interneuron is second order but doesnt cross)
cell bodies found in laminae 1 or 5

Front 25

spinal reflex

Back 25

caused at the level of spinal cord
interneuron gets info from sensory and transmits message to motor neuron of ventral horn. There is no ascending pathway activation

Front 26

2 ways to get up spine

Back 26

anterolateral column
dorsal column

Front 27

where do second order neurons terminate

Back 27

main three but many others
spinothalamic
spinoparabrachial (pons)
spinoreticular (middle of brainstem)

Front 28

reticular system

Back 28

sleep and arousal

Front 29

somatotopy

Back 29

from particular parts of body sensory info preserved and found together.in white matter medially get info from upper and laterally get info from lower body
found in thalamus and somatosensory cortex(S1)

Front 30

ventrobasal nucleus

Back 30

in thalamus
consists of VPL,VPM
all sensory info (including pain) goes thru here

Front 31

visceral anatomy

Back 31

has own ganlia
very different anatomy than for skin and muscles

Front 32

trigeminal anatomy

Back 32

above the neck also has different anatomy
trigeminal spinal tract (Vo,V1,Vc) equiv to spinal dermatomes
main nucleus equiv brainstem
trigeminal ganglion equiv DRG
from main nucleus info goes to thalamus and then cortex

Front 33

third order neuron

Back 33

from thalamus goes to S1 to tell where pain is
but also goes many other places to elicit emotional/behavioral response

Front 34

spatial resolution(mm)

Back 34

where something is happening
smaller=better

Front 35

temporal resolution(s)

Back 35

for changes in time
smaller=better

Front 36

sensory discriminative

Back 36

aspect of pain for
1)where pain is
2)intensity
3)quality(what it feels like)
suggestion changes activity in S1

Front 37

motivational affective

Back 37

aspect of pain for
1) unpleasantness
2) meaning of pain
changes activation in ACC

Front 38

descending modulatory pathway

Back 38

from cortex hypothalamus amygdala go down thru midbrain to spinal cord theres 2 paths
1)PAG(midbrain)->LC(pons)->VLF(dorsal horn)
2)PAG(midbrain)->RVM(medulla)
->DLF(dorsal horn)

Front 39

collateral

Back 39

when ascending pathway from dorsal horn goes up to thalamus it can split off and go to medulla,pons,midbrain
may modulate neurons

Front 40

ed pearl

Back 40

specificity theory

Front 41

specificity theory

Back 41

specific afferent will fire only to painful stimuli. will not respond to innocuous stimuli only to noxious

Front 42

intensity theory

Back 42

branch of specificity instead says that afferent will fire to innocuous but not as much

Front 43

ron melzack/pat wall

Back 43

pattern theory

Front 44

pattern theory

Back 44

decision that something is pain is made at the level of spinal cord or brain
and the pattern of afferent firing

Front 45

gate control theory

Back 45

branch of pattern

Front 46

what are the 4 afferent fiber classes

Back 46

1)Aalpha(muscle control)
2)Abeta(touch,vibration)
3)Adelta(pain,thermal)
4)C(pain,sweating)

Front 47

draw gate control theory

Back 47

...

Front 48

rubbing inhibits pain because..

Back 48

increased L input increases SG inhibition on S fibers therefore experience some analgesia

Front 49

contradiction between afferent termination and gate theory

Back 49

gate theory assume that L and S inputs on same neuron of SG that not the case. Gate theory anatomically incorrect. L and S interact via interneurons

Front 50

somatic afferent termination is different from visceral because...

Back 50

visceral has a lot more branching this explains why feel pain over stomach instead of localized spot

Front 51

somatic-visceral convergence

Back 51

afferent's from different body parts synapse onto same projection neuron
ex)skin afferent synapse on same projection neuron that an afferent from heart is
cause visceral pain to be referred to skin

Front 52

is referred pain central or peripheral phenomenon?

Back 52

Central

Front 53

what is the efferent effect of nociceptor's?

Back 53

neurogenic inflammation to help bring immune response. Seen mostly in C fibers(lack of myelin)

Front 54

first pain vs second pain

Back 54

caused by conduction velocities/how pain processed
first pain: short/sharp pain due to adelta's
second pain: longer/duller pain due to C's

Front 55

three spinothalamic tract neurons in dorsal horn

Back 55

wide dynamic range
nociceptive specific
low threshold mechanosensitive

Front 56

anterior cingulate cells

Back 56

part of limbic system
receptive field is whole body
unlike second order neurons which care about where pain is anterior cingulate don't they only care that there is pain

Front 57

is it just the injured site of fiber that changes?

Back 57

No, you can have some very important changes occur to surrounding uninjured fibers

Front 58

counter irriation

Back 58

is pain inhibiting pain in another spot

Front 59

condition pain modulation

Back 59

used to be called diffuse noxious inhibitory control
some people with certain pain disorder deficient in this therefore acupuncture,etc doesnt work

Front 60

TENS

Back 60

transcutaneuous electrical nerve stimulation
purpose it to activate abeta's(increase L input therefore act as analgesic)
acts superficial since abeta's more superficial

Front 61

sensitization

Back 61

central or peripheral
seen in pain causes increased sensitivity to pain

Front 62

temporal summation "wind up"

Back 62

central sensitization
more and more AP genereated if the stimuli freq is close enough to one another and therefore gets more and more painful.

Front 63

spatial summation

Back 63

stimuli given simultaneously in adjacent body parts. They cause more AP and therefore more pain more stimulation is given .

Front 64

long term potentiation

Back 64

in hypo-campus and spinal cord
for memory and learning
affect synaptic plasticity

Front 65

primary hyperalgesia

Back 65

site of injury is hyperalgesic to heat and touch
peripheral sensitization

Front 66

secondary hyperalgesia

Back 66

uninjured but hyperalgesic to mechanical stimuli
central sensitization (explained by capsaicin desensitization and mirror pain)

Front 67

two types of secondary hyperalgesia

Back 67

stroking (allodynia)-due to low threshold mechanoreceptors (recruited to deal with pain)
punctate (static hyperalgesia)-due to nociceptors

Front 68

sensitization and symptoms describe them

Back 68

-primary hyperalgesia/allodynia
-secondary hyperalgesia/allodynia
-ectopic activity (no peripheral stimuli)
paresthesia
spont pain
spont pain & dysethesia

Front 69

plasticity after injury

Back 69

functional changes (changes to things already there) like
1)molecular
2)synaptic
3)cellular
4)network
or structural changes involving new addition/losses like
1)addition/losses of synaptic spines
2)hypertrophy/hypotrophy of branching

Front 70

silent nociceptors

Back 70

become active only after injury
ex)silent C nociceptors

Front 71

injury can cause

Back 71

changes in phenotype different neurons can take on new functions like Abetas

Front 72

neuroma

Back 72

cutting nerve at free nerve ending
leads to ectopic firing and therefore spont pain

Front 73

ectopic firing originates in the..

Back 73

DRG after spinal injury

Front 74

if you cut the nerve at the dorsal root you..

Back 74

stop firing

Front 75

cortical reorganization in phantom

Back 75

amputees with no pain have same cortical activity as normal controls
phantom limb patients have different cortical activity with cortical representation of mouth extending to hands and arms

Front 76

major glial cells of CNS

Back 76

1)microglia(immune)
2)astrocytes(BBB,neural support)
3)oligodendrocytes (myelin)
astrocytes/microglia are like interneurons

Front 77

glial cells for pain?

Back 77

both astrocytes and microglia
microglia may be involved in central sensitization (during peripheral injury in CNS microglia thicken up and pump out more signals related to pain)