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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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People learn new info easier when they can what?
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relate it to things they already know
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People can learn numerous amount of info when they can?
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relate it to an overall structure
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students are ______ about what they process and learn.
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selective
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Meaning of info is created by who?and from what?
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the learner from many peices of info to created understanding
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Memory
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ability to "save" things previously learned
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Storage
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acquistion of new knowledge; putting new info into memory
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Encoding
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changing the format of new info as it is being stored in memory
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Retrieval
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"finding" info that is stored in memory
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What is the sensory register?
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component of memory that holds info in an unanalyzed form for a brief period of time. It has a large capacity and unencoded input
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What does attention involve?
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focusing of mental processes on particular environmental stimuli
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whatever students pay attn to is moved into where?
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working memory or short term memory
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What type of capacity does attention have?
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limited
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People can perform how many well learned tasks at one time?
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2-3
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Short-term memory is also referred to as?
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working memory
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How long can things last in short-term memory?
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Less that 30 seconds
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The relationship between working memory and long term memory is ___________?
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reciprocal
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What does long term memory hold?
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knowledge and skills for a relatively long period of time
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What are 3 characteristics of long term memory?
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unlimited capacity, long duration, interconnectedness(organized)
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What do Anderson and Cowan argue about long term memory and working memory?
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they argue that they are not separate components, that they simply reflect different action states.
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Declarative knowledge
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knowledge related to how things are
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Procedural knowledge
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knowledge related to how to do something
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What are the five ways that declarative knowledge is learned?
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rehearsal, meaningful learning, organization, elaboration, and visual imagery.
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What is rehearsal?
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repeating info
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What is meaningful learning?
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making connectione between new info and prior knowledge
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What is organization?
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making connections among various new peices of info
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What is elaboration?
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adding additional ideas to new info based on what one already knows
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What is visual imagery?
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forming a mental pictures of info
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What are they 3 ways that procedural knowledge is learned?
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overt behanviours(driving a car)
Mental activities(making sense of info) May begin as declarative knowledge and evolve into procedural knowledge |
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What are 4 factors that improve long term memory retrieval?
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multiple connections, mastery and beyond, using knowledge frequently, and having relevant retrieval cues
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What are 5 reasons people forget?
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failure to retrieve, reconstruction error, interference, decay, and failure to store
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How long do teachers typically wait for an answer?
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one second
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How long should teachers actually wait for a repsonse?
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3 secs
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What are the 3 changes teachers will see in students' behaviours if they increase wait time?
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more class participation, better quality of answers, better overall classroom performance
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What are the 3 changes in teachers' behaviours when they increase wait time?
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different kinds of questions are asked, increased flexibility in teaching, higher expectations
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What 3 characteristics are associated with effective teaching?
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knowledge, clarity and organization, warth and enthusiasm
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Which of the following has a correlational relationship: knowledge, clarity and organization, or warmth and enthusiasm?
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clarity and organization
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Self-fulfilling prophecy is also called what?
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Pygmalian effect
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What are the two steps in self-fulfilling prophecy?
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the perciever's expectations about the target influence the perciever's behaviour towards the target
the perciever's behaviour toward the target then elicits the expected behaviour from the target |
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Where do teachers get their particular expectations about their students?
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test scores, gender, siblings, ethnicity, attractiveness(teachers have higher expectations for attractive students)
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What is cognitive psychology?
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focuses on the mental processes underlying human leraning behaviour
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What is the information processing theory?
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focuses on the specific wasy that people mentally think about and process the info they recieve
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What is construction?
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the learner takes many peices of info to construct an overall understanding of an event
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What is constructivism?
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Jean Piaget: learners construct a body of knowledge from their experiences, knowledge which may or may not be correct
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What is note reconstruction?
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creating notes from class without consulting class notes, and then revising them with othersfor an enhanced learning experience
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The more info you have stored in long term memory, the easier it is to what?
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learn new info
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What is it called when a piece of info is currently being attended to and mentally processed?
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activation
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Asking students to repeat info in different ways increases what?
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the likelihood of remembering it in the long run
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What is maintenance rehearsal?
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it's when we repeat something over and over to keep it in our short term memory
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What is rote learning?
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learning info primarily through verbatim repitition without attaching any meaning to it
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What are the 4 more effective ways of learning things?
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meaningful learning, orgnaization, elaboration, visual imagery
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What is a meaningful learning set?
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an attitude that one can learn the info being presented
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What 3 conditions can facilitate meaningful learning?
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having a meaningful learning set
previous knowledge to relate to new info awareness that the new info can be related back to old info |
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What is a knowledge base?
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a person's knowledge about specific facts and the general world
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Students are more likely to remember things if they are unorganized or organized?
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organized
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What are some questions you can ask to help people elaborate?
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why do you think this could happen?
How can you use this in everday life? |
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Prior knowledge helps determine what is ______?
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most important to pay attn to
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Prior knowledge helps provide a ______? and helps to____?
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framework for organizing new info and helps to elaborate new info
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What is a mnemonic?
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memory aid or trick designed to help people learn and remember specific info
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What are the 3 common mnemonics?
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Verbal mediator
Keyword method Superimposed meaningful structure |
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What is a verbal mediator?
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a word or phrase that connects two pieces of info
Au is the symbol for gold, "ay, you! stole my gold!" |
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What is the keyword method?
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to remember amour is love in french, picture armour with a heart on it
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What is the superimposed meaningful method?
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a familiar shape, poem, sentences, or story imposed on info to make it easier to read like lines on a treble clef : every good boy deserves fudge
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What is automaticity?
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the ability to respond quickly and efficiently while mentally processing or physically performing a task.
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How does one achieve automaticity?
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practicing over and over
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What is creative varibility?
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playing with the learning process in different ways to increase effectiveness of rehearsal or practice of info
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What is a retrieval cue?
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a hint about where to look for a peice of info in long term memory
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What is a recognition task?
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a memory task where you are asked to identify correct info among irrelevant info
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What is a recall task?
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you must retireve the info in its entire form from long term memory
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What is a reconstruction error?
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constructing a logical but incorrect memory by using info in long term memory and general knowledge
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What is decay?
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a hypothesized weakening of long term memories over time
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What is a synapse?
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a junction between two neurons that allows messages to be transmitted from on to the other
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What is a neuron?
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a cell in the brain or another part of the nervous system that transmits info to other cells
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What is the cortex and what does it do?
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upper part of the brain and it is the site of consciousness and higher-level thinking
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It is premature to turn to ______ rather than psychology for guidance of effective teaching strategies.
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biology
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