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127 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Nuremberg code
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set of ethical guidelines developed for research with human participants based on information gained during the trials after WWII
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Informed consent
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obtaining consent from participants for participation in research after the participants have been informed about the purpose, procedure, and risks of the research
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Coercion
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forcing participants to participate in research without their consent
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Deception
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misleading participants about the purpose or procedures of a research study
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Confederate
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a person who is part of a research study but acts as though he or she is not, to deceive the participants about the study's purpose
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Debriefing
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discussing the purpose and benefits of a research study with participants, often done at the end of the study
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Consent form
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a form provided to the participants at the beginning of a research study to obtain their consent for the study and explain the study's purpose and risks, and the participants' rights as participants
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Risk-benefit analysis
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weighing the risks against the benefits of a research study to ensure that the benefits outweigh the risks
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Confidentiality
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it is the researcher's responsibility to protect the participants' identity and right to privacy during and after the research study
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Institutional review board (IRB)
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a committee of knowledgeable individuals who oversee the ethics of research with human participants conducted at an institution
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Demand characteristics
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a source of bias that can occur in a study due to the participants' changing their behavior based on their perception of the study and its purpose
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Field experiment
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an experiment conducted in the participants' natural environment
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Institutional animal care and use committee (IACUC)
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committee of knowledgeable individuals that oversees the ethics of research with nonhuman animal subjects at an institution
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Plagiarism
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claiming another's work or ideas as one's own
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Experiment
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a type of research design that involves manipulation of an independent variable, allowing control of extraneous variables that could affect the results
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Small-n design
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an experiment conducted with one or a few participants to better understand the behavior of those individuals
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Independent variable
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a variable in an experiment that is manipulated by the researcher such that the levels of the variable change across or within subjects in the experiment
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Third-variable problem
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the presence of extraneous factors in a study that affect the dependent variable can decrease the internal validity of the study
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Confounding variable
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an extraneous factor present in a study that many affect the results
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Between-subjects variable
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each participant experiences only one level of the variable
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Within-subjects variable
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each participant experiences all levels of the variable
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Random assignment
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participants are randomly assigned to levels of the independent variable in an experiment to control for individual differences as an extraneous variable
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Order effects
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occur when the order in which the participants experience conditions in an experiment affects the results of the study
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Testing effects
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occur when participants are tested more than once in a study, with early testing affecting later testing
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Matched design
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a between-subjects experiment that involves sets of participants matched on a specific characteristic with each member of the set randomly assigned to a different level of the independent variable
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Counterbalance
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a control used in within-subjects experiments where equal numbers of participants are randomly assigned to different orders of the conditions
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Latin square
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partial counterbalancing technique where the number of orders of conditions used is equal to the number of conditions in the study
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Factorial design
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an experiment or quasi-experiment that includes more than one independent variable
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Levels of the independent variable
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different situations or conditions that participants experience in an experiment because of the manipulation of the independent variable
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Main effect
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test of the differences between all means for each level of an independent variable in an ANOVA
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Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
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analysis of variance test used for designs with three or more sample means
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Interaction effect
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tests the effect of one independent variable at each level of another independent variable(s) in ANOVA
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Simple effects tests
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statistical tests conducted to characterize an interaction effect when one is found in an ANOVA
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Correlational studies
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a type of research design that examines the relationships between multiple dependent variables, without manipulating any of the variables
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Descriptive research question
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a research question that asks about the presence of behavior, how frequently it is exhibited, or whether there is a relationship between different behaviors
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Predictive research question
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a research question that asks if one behavior can be predicted from another behavior to allow predictions of future behavior
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Predictor variable
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the dependent variable in a correlational study that is used to predict the score on another variable
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Outcome variable
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the dependent variable in a correlational study that is being predicted by the predictor variable
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Third-variable problem
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the presence of extraneous factors in a study that affect the dependent variable can decrease the internal validity of the study
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Positive relationship
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a relationship between variables characterized by coupled increases in the two variables
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Negative relationship
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a relationship between variables characterized by an increase in one variable that occurs with a decrease in the other variable
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Quasi-experiment
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a type of research design where a comparison is made, as in an experiment, but no random assignment of participants to group occurs
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Random assignment
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participants are randomly assigned to levels of the independent variable in an experiment to control for individual differences as an extraneous variable
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Pretest-posttest design
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a type of research design where behavior is measured both before and after a treatment or condition is implemented
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History effect
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events that occur during the course of a study to all or individual participants that can result in bias
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Nonequivalent groups
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groups compared in a study where participants are not randomly assigned
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Regression toward the mean
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can occur when participants score higher or lower than their personal average - the next time they are tested, they are more likely to score near their personal average, making scores unreliable
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Testing effects
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occur when participants are tested more than once in a study with early testing affecting later testing
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Solomon four group design
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pretest-posttest design with two sets of nonequivalent groups, one set that takes the pretest and posttest and one set that takes only the posttest
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Time series design
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a research design where patterns of scores over time are compared from before a treatment is implemented and after a treatment is implemented
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Interrupted time series design
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a time series design where the treatment is an independent even, such as a historical event
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Noninterrupted time series design
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a time series design where the treatment is implemented by the researcher
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Longitudinal design
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a developmental design where a single sample of participants is followed over time and tested at different ages
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Within-subjects variable
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each participant experiences all levels of the variable
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Attrition/mortality
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occurs when participants choose not to complete a study
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Testing effects
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occur when participants are tested more than once in a study with early testing affecting later testing
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Between-subjects variable
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each participant experiences only one level of the independent variable
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Cross-sectional design
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a developmental design where multiple samples of participants of different ages are tested once
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Generation/cohort effects
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confound that may occur in cross sectional designs due to different experiences that different generations have
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Cohort-sequential design
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a developmental design where multiple samples of participants of different ages are followed over time and tested at different ages
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Small-n design
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an experiment conducted with one or a few participants to between understand the behavior of those individuals
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Baseline measurement
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measurement of behavior without a treatment used as a comparison
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Discrete trials design
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a small-n design that involves a large number of trials completed by one or a few individuals and conducted to describe basic behaviors
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Baseline design
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a small-n design that involves baseline measurements of behavior as compared with measures of behavior during the implementation of a treatment
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Carryover effects
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occur when participants' experience in one condition affects their behavior in another condition of the study
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A-B-A/Reversal design
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a small-n, baseline design where the baseline behavior is measured, followed by implementation of a treatment, followed by another baseline measure after the treatment has ended
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Intuition
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relying on common sense as a means of knowing about the world
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Deduction
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using logical reasoning and current knowledge as a means of knowing about the world
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Authority
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relying on a knowledgeable person or group as a means of knowing about the world
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Observation
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relying on what one observes as a means of knowing about the world
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Empiricism
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gaining knowledge through systematic observation of the world
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Determinism
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the assumption that phenomena have identifiable causes
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Parsimony
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the assumption that the simplest explanation of a phenomenon is most likely to be correct
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Testability
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the assumption that explanations of behavior can be tested and falsified through observation
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Basic research
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research conducted with the goal of understanding fundamental processes of phenomena
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Applied research
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research conducted with the goal of solving everyday problems
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External validity
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the degree to which the results of a study apply to individuals and realistic behaviors outside the study
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Descriptive research question
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a research question that asks about the presence of behavior, how frequently it is exhibited, or whether there is a relationship between different behaviors
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Causal research question
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a research question that asks what causes specific behaviors to occur
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Theory
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an explanation of behavior that can be tested through research studies
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Literature review
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a process of searching for and reviewing previous studies related to a study being developed to add to the knowledge in an area and make appropriate predictions about the data
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Abstract
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a summary of an article that appears at the beginning of the article and in searchable databases of journal articles
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Introduction
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a section of an APA style article that introduces the topic of the study, reviews relevant background studies, and presents predictions for the data
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Method
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section of an APA style article that describes the participants, design, stimuli, apparatus, and procedure used in the study
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Results
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section of an APA style article that presents a summary of the results and the statistical tests of the predictions
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Discussion
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section of an APA style article that compares the results of a study to the predictions and the results of previous studies
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Hypothesis
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prediction regarding the results of a research study
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Theory driven hypothesis
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hypothesis for a study that is based on a theory about the behavior of interest
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Data driven hypothesis
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hypothesis for a study that is based on the results of previous, related studies
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Deductive reasoning
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using general information to make a specific prediction
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Inductive reasoning
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using specific information to make a more general prediction
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Descriptive hypothesis
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a prediction about the results of a study that describes the behavior or the relationship between behaviors
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Causal hypothesis
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a prediction about the results of a study that includes the causes of a behavior
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External validity
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the degree to which the results of a study apply to individuals and realistic behaviors outside the study
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Internal validity
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the degree to which a study provides causal information about behavior
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Reliability
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the degree to which the results of a study can be replicated under similar conditions
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Operational definition
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the definition of an abstract concept used by a researcher to measure or manipulation the concept in a research study
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Naturalistic observation
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a data collection technique involving noninvasive observation of individuals in their natural environments
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Interrater reliability
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a measure of the degree to which different observers rate behaviors in similar ways
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Survey research
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a research study that uses the survey observational technique to measure behavior
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Close-ended response scale
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participants respond to survey questions according to the response options provided by the researcher
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Open-ended response scale
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participants respond to the survey questions in any manner they feel is appropriate for the question
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Qualitative data
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nonnumerical participants responses
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Quantitative data
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numerical data
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Interviews
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a data collection technique that involves direct questioning of individuals about their behaviors and attitudes
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Systematic observation
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data collection technique where control is exerted over the conditions under which the behavior is observed
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Archival data
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a data collection technique that involves analysis of preexisting data
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Content analysis
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an archival data collection technique that involves analysis of the content of an individual's spoken or written record
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Variable
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an attribute that can vary across individuals
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Dependent/response variable
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a variable that is measured or observed from an individual
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Case study
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a research design that involves intensive study of particular individuals and their behaviors
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Correlational study
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a type of research design that examines the relationships between multiple dependent variables, without manipulating any of the variables
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Predictor variable
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the dependent variable in a correlational study that is used to predict the score on another variable
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Outcome variable
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the dependent variable in a correlational study that is being predicted by the predictor variable
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Positive relationship
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a relationship between variables characterized by coupled increases in the two variables
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Negative relationship
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a relationship between variables characterized by an increase in one variable that occurs with a decrease in the other variable
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Scatterplot
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a graph showing the relationship between two dependent variables for a group of individuals
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Third-variable problem
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the presence of extraneous factors in a study that affect the dependent variable can decrease the internal validity of the study
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Experiment
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a type of research design that involves manipulation of an independent variable, allowing control of extraneous variables that could affect the results
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Independent variable
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a variable in an experiment that is manipulated by the research such that the levels of the variable change across or within subjects in the experiment
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Levels of the independent variable
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different situations or conditions that participants experience in an experiment because of the manipulation of the independent variable
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Experimental group
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the group of participants in an experiment that experience the treatment level of an independent variable
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Control group
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the group of participants in an experiment that do not experience the treatment level of the independent variable
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confounding variable
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an extraneous factor present in a study that may affect the results
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Random assignment
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participants are randomly assigned to levels of the independent variable in an experiment to control for individual differences as an extraneous variable
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Quasi-experiment
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a type of research design where a comparison is made, as in an experiment, but no random assignment of participants to groups occurs
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Pretest-posttest design
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a type of research design where behavior is measured both before and after a treatment or condition is implemented
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