Psyc 260 - Memory

Front 1

Describe sensory memory

Back 1

Large capacity
Same modality as experience
Very fast decay (~1s)

Front 2

Describe short-term memory

Back 2

Limited capacity
Rehearsal maintains information
Seconds delay (~15s)

Front 3

Describe long-term memory

Back 3

Unlimited capacity
Semantic coding
Modest decay (Long time or forever)

Front 4

How did the results differ in the Partial report Paradigm between the partial report and full report?

Back 4

Partial report:
Recalled 3-4 items
(x3 = total of 9-12 recalled)

Full report:
Maximum 4 recalled
Decay rate: 11 to 4 letters in 1s

Front 5

What was the finding in the Partial report paradigm?

Back 5

We seem to "see" or register more items in our sensory memory, but cannot get the information out fast enough before we forget

Front 6

Define primacy effect and how it is affected.

Back 6

Definition:
Recall advantage of earlier items

Affected by:
Speed of presentation - Space between each word
Manipulation of LTM

Front 7

Define recency effect and how it is affected

Back 7

Definition:
Recall advantage of later items

Affected by:
Delay - Time between last word presented and recall phase
Manipulation of STM

Front 8

List the problems associated with the Modal Model

Back 8

1. Properties of STM and LTM stores are inconsistent
2. Possible access to LTM without going through STM
3. Rehearsal does not always lead to better memory

Front 9

Compare the two types of processing

Back 9

Type 1:
Maintenance rehearsal
Mere repetition
Less well-remembered

Type 2:
Elaborative rehearsal
Semantic processing
Better remembered

Front 10

List the three different conditions in level of processing. Which one works the best?

Back 10

Physical (Repeat letters)
Auditory (Rhyme letters)
Semantic (Meaning)

Semantic is best

Front 11

Differentiate between depth of processing and match of processing.

Back 11

Depth of processing:
Encoding at semantic level, testing at either semantic or acoustic level.

Match of processing
Encoding and testing at either semantic or acoustic level.

Front 12

What was tested in the recognition test and what was the result?

Back 12

Match of processing was tested
Greater overlap between cues at encoding and test phase correlates with better memory performance

Front 13

Define encoding specificity theory

Back 13

Match between cue used at encoding and testing determines memory performance

eg. Strawberry - JAM correlates better than traffic-JAM, therefore more people remember the word JAM when given strawberry

Front 14

Define transfer appropriate processing

Back 14

Extension of encoding specificity theory, suggest processing in study phase overlaps with processing in memory test determines memory performance

Front 15

Give an example of transfer appropriate processing.
List encoding phase, testing phase and finding

Back 15

Encoding phase:
Read 60 sentences (30 normal font, 30 inverted font)

Testing phase:
7 days later, read 120 sentences (60 new, 60 old)

Finding:
Normal condition remembered better in normal testing. Inverted condition remembered better in inverted testing

Front 16

Define phonological store

Back 16

Maintains info in terms of sound
Slave system for audition
Frontal & Parietal lobes

Front 17

Define central executive

Back 17

Provide space for calculations to be made
Adequate resource is necessary
Mostly frontal lobe

Front 18

Define visual-spatial store

Back 18

Maintains info in visual domains
Slave system for vision
Occipital & frontal lobes

Front 19

Retrospective vs Prospective memory

Back 19

Retrospective memory:
Events that already happened

Prospective memory:
Looking forward in time; remembering to do something in the future

Front 20

Episodic vs Semantic memory

Back 20

Episodic memory:
Autobiographical experiences

Semantic memory:
Associated with facts and knowledge

Front 21

Declarative vs Procedural memory

Back 21

Declarative memory:
Able to verbalize information that has been remembered

Procedural memory:
Information that is hard to verbalize, associated with how to perform certain actions
(eg. How to ride a bike - you just do it)

Front 22

Explicit vs implicit memory

Back 22

Explicit memory:
Consciously aware of

Implicit memory:
Influence behavior without our awareness that we are recollecting the memory
(eg. priming effect)

Front 23

Describe the two ways that improves encoding via spacing effect

Back 23

Distributed testing:
Test items on a frequent basis will improve future test scores.

Distributed encoding:
Study items over days improves recall in the future

Front 24

List the three levels of processing

Back 24

1. Depths of processing
2. Encoding specificity
3. Transfer appropriate processing

Front 25

Identify the 4 ways schema affect encoding

Back 25

1. Selection
2. Abstraction
3. Interpretation
4. Integration

Front 26

Compare the types of encoding specificity. (3)

Back 26

State-dependent memory:
Remember things better when learned from the same state

Mood-dependent memory:
Remember better when mood is congruent with the memory

Physical context memory:
Remember better when context and testing area are the same

Front 27

Compare and contrast between the characteristics of the two types of retrieval: Familiarity and Recollection

Back 27

Familiarity:
Perceptually driven, decays faster, benefits form repetition, benefits from same audio, unaffected by amnesia

Recollection:
Conceptually driven, easier recall due to semantic organization, benefits from elaboration, impaired by amnesia

Front 28

Which sort of individuals are more susceptible to memory illusions?

Back 28

Older adults
More empathetic
Introverts
Lower working memory capacity

Front 29

Describe source monitoring, and give an example

Back 29

Deliberate manipulations to monitor source affects performance

eg. • Knowledge of upcoming test -> Increase systematic processing -> Decrease source monitoring errors

Front 30

What were the hypotheses for the misinformation effects modified paradigm?

Back 30

H1: If misinformation effect was solely due to systematic bias, it'd predict similar response to "wrench" or "screwdriver"

H2: If misinformation effect was solely due to subsequent information wiping out original memory, it'd predict wrench to be chosen less

Front 31

What was found in the misinformation effects modified paradigm? Which hypothesis did it support?

Back 31

The scores between those who were suggested the hammer and those without suggestion scored similarly (~75% said they saw the wrench)
Supports hypothesis 1

Front 32

When are people most susceptible to illusory conjunctions?

Back 32

More likely to occur when people are under cognitive load. (When too much info is presented at once)

Front 33

Compare item-specific processing and relational processing

Back 33

Item-specific processing:
Local specific with the item; reduces false recall
eg. Tree - T R E E letters

Relational processing:
Global range with the item
eg. Tree - Part of logging industry, used for paper, in the forest

Front 34

What is the theory Storebeck & Clore (2005) test?

Back 34

Affect-as-information theory:
Positive affect states encourages relational processing (More false recall), negative affect states leads to item-specific processing

Front 35

What was the finding from Storebeck & Clore (2005) study?

Back 35

Group listening to positive music recalled more critical lures.
Negative affective states reduces probability of false memory effect

Front 36

How does integration of knowledge affect memory?

Back 36

People are more likely to falsely remember if the given information is lacking.
eg. A story told by slides with no 'cause' slide, participants are more likely to remember seeing the 'cause' slide

Front 37

Define imagination inflation

Back 37

Imagined events increase probability that one falsely remember having experienced them

Front 38

Define hindsight bias

Back 38

The tendency to see the event as predictable despite having close to no probability for predicting it prior to its occurrence

Front 39

What was the result and finding in the study for false recollection via experience of discovery?

Back 39

Result:
Participants were more likely to call an item old if they solved the anagrams themselves

Finding:
Discovery of solution is associated with a sense of surprise, which is confused with experience itself which leads to false memory

Front 40

List the 3 functions of the hippocampus.

Back 40

1. Declarative memory
2. Spatial memory
3. Contextual memory

Front 41

Which area is damaged that causes animals to perform poorly in the non-matching to sample task?

Back 41

Hippocampus

Front 42

How does spatial memory relate to hippocampal activity?

Back 42

Hippocampal responses are similar to areas that are close to each other.
Better spatial memory correlates with larger posterior hippocampus

Front 43

How does context affect learning and the hippocampus?

Back 43

Learning:
Contextual setting assists in initial learning

Hippocampus:
Important for recall of details and context of recent memories

Front 44

Differentiate the two types of amnesia.

Back 44

Anterograde amnesia:
Inability to form new memories after brain damage

Retrograde amnesia:
Loss of memory for events before brain damage

Front 45

Explain the effects of hippocampal damage in patient HM.

Back 45

Impaired LTM
Impaired episodic memory
Better implicit than explicit memory
Intact WM and procedural memory

Front 46

What did Damasio find in his study on emotion and decision making?

Back 46

Patients with vMPFC damage have impaired decision making because they are unable to generate emotions based on previous experience that would guide them on future decision making.

Front 47

What area is critical in Figner et al. (2010) study and its effect when impaired?

Back 47

Lateral PFC:
Future processing used to obtain delayed gratification

Impaired LPFC leads to inability to delay immediate gratification

Front 48

Which areas are activated during moral conflicts?

Back 48

Medial PFC
Temporoparietal junction
Posterior cingulate
Temporal poles

Front 49

What is strengthened in classical conditioning?

Back 49

Connection between Conditioned stimulus center and Uncontrolled stimulus center

Front 50

Define engram

Back 50

Physical representation of what has been learned
(eg. A connection between two brain areas)

Front 51

Describe the 2 principles on how learning and memory relies on more than one cortical area

Back 51

1. Equipotentiality
All parts of the cortex contributes equally to complex behavior and can substitute one another
2. Mass action:
Cortex works as a whole, more cortex working is better

Front 52

Describe the function of the Lateral interpositus nucleus (LIP) and the effect if impaired

Back 52

One nucleus of the cerebellum essential for learning and retention
Suppresses learning if impaired

Front 53

Describe the function of the red nucleus and the effect if impaired

Back 53

Midbrain motor area that receives input from cerebellum
Suppresses response but does not prevent learning if impaired

Front 54

What did the delayed response task test, and what were the finding?

Back 54

Tested working memory
Those with PFC impairment correlated with working memory impairment

Front 55

How does declarative memory and procedural memory differ when hippocampus is damaged?

Back 55

Declarative memory is impaired while procedural memory is intact. Basal ganglia is important for procedural memory

Front 56

What was the finding in the radial maze task

Back 56

Rats with damage to hippocampus seldom enter the wrong arm, but enter correct arm more than once.
They forget which arms they have already tried

Front 57

What did the Morris water maze task find

Back 57

Rats with damage to hippocampus learns slowly if started in the same area, but becomes disoriented if started at a different location

Front 58

How can memories be consolidated more quickly

Back 58

Small amounts of cortisol activates amygdala and hippocampus -> Enhance storage and consolidation

Front 59

Define Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome and its symptoms

Back 59

Definition:
Brain damage, mostly at the dorsomedial thalamus, that causes memory loss

Symptoms:
Difficulty reasoning their memory timelines
Confabulation (Extrapolate on nonsense)

Front 60

Describe treatments to Alzheimer's patients (3)

Back 60

1. Reduce tau levels
2. Consume antioxidants to decrease amyloid-B production
3. Drugs that stimulate acetylcholine receptors or prolong acetylcholine release

Front 61

Damage to the parietal lobe causes what effect on memory?

Back 61

Ability to associate one piece of information with another is impaired

Front 62

Semantic dementia is caused by impairment of which brain region?

(eg. Sees zebra but calls it horse, lost concept of zebra)

Back 62

Anterior & inferior temporal lobe

Front 63

Describe the regions of the prefrontal cortex that affects memory. (4)

Back 63

Basal ganglia - Learn rewards and punishment
vMPFC - Respond to 'expected reward', based on past experience
Orbito FC - Respond to reward compared to other possible choices
ACC - Respond when either more or less reward is expected

Front 64

Define the Hebbian synapse

Back 64

Synapse that increase in effectiveness due to simultaneous activity in presynaptic and postynaptic neurons
(eg. A 'fires repeatedly' at B, future stimulation between the two cells becomes more successful)

Front 65

Define long-term potentiation (LTP)

Back 65

One or more axons connected to a dendrite bombarded by brief by rapid series of stimuli
Synapses become more responsive to new input for a period of time

Front 66

Describe the 3 properties of long-term potentiation

Back 66

1. Specifity
Only active and nearby synapses become strengthened

2. Cooperativity
Simultaneous stimulation by 2+ axons produce LTP more strongly than repeated stimulation by one axon

3. Associativity
Pairing weak with strong input enhances response to weak input

Front 67

Describe the receptors LTP depends on changing and its receptor type

Back 67

AMPA and NMDA

Ionotropic receptor:
Open channel to let ions enter postsynaptic cell when stimulated

Front 68

Illustrate the process for LTP to occur

Back 68

- Na+ enters AMPA, depolarizes dendrite to open NMDA channel
- Calcium enters via NMDA channel
- Calcium activates CaMKII protein; necessary and sufficient for LTP

Front 69

Describe the physical changes that occur at the postsynaptic neuron due to LTP

Back 69

Dendrite builds more AMPA/ NMDA receptors
Dendrite branches more -> More synapses with same axon
AMPA receptors becomes more responsive

Front 70

Describe the changes that occur at the presynaptic neuron due to LTP

Back 70

Decrease action potential threshold
Increase neurotransmitter release
Expansion of axon -> Additional sites for transmitter release

Front 71

What type of drugs facilitate memory?

Back 71

Caffeine
Drugs that facilitate acetylcholine
Alter glutamate/ dopamine synapses
Drugs that increase blood flow to brain/ increase metabolism