Psyc 245, Exam 1. Ch 2.

Front 1

Hypothetical Constructs

Back 1

Terms like learning, memory, and perception that were used as labels for the theoretical processes that underlie human thought and behavior.

Front 2

Thinking

Back 2

The manipulation or transformation of some internal representation.

Front 3

Acquisition

Back 3

Used to describe learning. Also known as encoding, or putting information into memory.

Front 4

Retention Interval

Back 4

The time interval between the acquisition of new information (learning) and its retrieval.

Front 5

Retrieval

Back 5

The act of recalling or remembering information that had been previously acquired (learned).

Front 6

Episodic Memory

Back 6

Memory for events in which we can remember our own participation.

Front 7

Semantic Memory

Back 7

Memory for facts like word meanings and the multiplication tables.

Front 8

Declarative Memory

Back 8

Knowledge that can be verbalized easily.

Front 9

Motor Memory

Back 9

Memory for the performance of motor skills like swimming or riding a bicycle.

Front 10

Procedural Memory

Back 10

Memory for accomplishing some task such as using a side rule or operating equipment.

Front 11

Automatic Memory

Back 11

Remembering that seems effortless such as the memory for the frequency of events.

Front 12

Effortful Memory

Back 12

Remembering that requires the deliberate and conscious use of strategies such as memory for a series of dates.

Front 13

Intentional Learning

Back 13

Used to describe learning efforts and activities that are engaged in when a learner is deliberately trying to learn something so that it can be recalled later.

Front 14

Incidental Learning

Back 14

Learning that occurs without any deliberate effort, such as learning the plot of a television show or the habits of family members.

Front 15

Implicit Memory

Back 15

Memory about which we have little conscious knowledge.

Front 16

Explicit Memory

Back 16

Memory for information that can be discussed and described. Compare with implicit memory.

Front 17

Illusion of Truth

Back 17

When a message is forgotten and the name of a person (or an event) that was in the forgotten message is encountered at some time in the future, this person (or event) feels familiar. People look for reasons why it would feel familiar and decide that the new message must be true. This illusion operates without conscious awareness.

Front 18

Advance Organizers

Back 18

Outlines or other summaries that are used before learning to assist with the process of acquisition.

Front 19

Inert Knowledge

Back 19

Knowledge that isn't recalled when it is needed.

Front 20

Encoding Specificity

Back 20

The cues that are available at learning (or encoding) will be useful if they are also available at retrieval.

Front 21

Interference Theory of Forgetting

Back 21

A theory of how we forget that attributes forgetting to "interference" or displacement of the to-be-remembered items by other material that has been previously or subsequently learned.

Front 22

Working Memory

Back 22

The "place" where knowledge is consciously manipulated or transformed. Thinking is constrained because working memory has a limited capacity.

Front 23

Chunking

Back 23

A memory process in which a number or related items are stored and retrieved as a unit in order to facilitate memory.

Front 24

Metamemory

Back 24

A person's knowledge about his or her own memory system; for example, knowing that you have to repeat a series of digits in order to maintain them in memory.

Front 25

Ease of Learning Judgements

Back 25

Individual estimates of how easy or difficult it will be to learn a skill or information. This type of judgment is made before the learning process.

Front 26

Quality of Learning Judgments

Back 26

Individual estimates of how well material is being learned. This type of judgment is made during the learning process.

Front 27

Feelings of Knowing Judgments

Back 27

Individual estimates of how well something is known. This type of judgment is made after the learning process.

Front 28

Degree of Confidence Judgments

Back 28

Individual estimates of how whether a particular response is correct. This type of judgment is made at the time of retrieval.

Front 29

Mnemonic Devices

Back 29

Memory aids or techniques that are utilized to improve memory.

Front 30

External Memory Aids

Back 30

The deliberate use of lists, timers, calendars, and similar devices to remind an individual to do something.

Front 31

Internal Memory Aids

Back 31

Mnemonic devices or memory aids that rely on plans or strategies to make retrieval easier and more likely.

Front 32

Keywords

Back 32

A mnemonic device or memory aid in which a previously learned list of words or rhymes serve as associates or "hooks" for the to-be-remembered items.

Front 33

Method of Places (loci)

Back 33

A mnemonic device or memory aid in which a familiar route is selected and the to-be-remembered items are imaged at intervals along the route. At recall, the individual "mentally traverses" the route to retrieve the items.

Front 34

First Letter Mnemonics

Back 34

A mnemonic device or memory aid in which the first letter of each word to be learned are combined into a single word.

Front 35

Prospective Memory

Back 35

Remembering to do something at some time in the future.

Front 36

Cognitive Interview

Back 36

A technique for recalling events that uses principles of cognitive psychology to guide the retrieval process.

Front 37

Encoding Goal

Back 37

Recognizing that you want to learn something- use the strategies for promoting learning.

Front 38

Retrieval Goal

Back 38

Recognizing that you want to recall something- use the strategies for improving recall.

Front 39

Debiasing Goal

Back 39

A conscious attempt to recognize the ways in which memory can be biased and engaging in activities that are designed to minimize the bias such as continuing to search for additional information and reflecting on stereotypes.

Front 40

Short Term Memory Items According to MILLER

Back 40

7, plus or minus 2.

Front 41

Early words > Middle words < Last words (SERIAL POSITION EFFECT)

Back 41

Adkinson & Shriffirn (1968) again.

Front 42

Rundus (1971)

Back 42

Free recall test. Counted rehearsed items. The more rehearsal, the more recall.

Front 43

Shallice & Warringeton (1970)

Back 43

Against the modal model, used patients with impaired short term memory.

Front 44

Tulvinge (1966)

Back 44

Repeating words does not increase their accessibility.

Front 45

Nickerson & Adams (1979)

Back 45

Pennies

Front 46

Craik & Lockhart (1972)

Back 46

Retention of information is a direct effect if how info is encoded and processed.

Front 47

Tulvinge & Craik (1975)

Back 47

Sentence fit judgments. 3 phases.

Front 48

Morris, Bransfod, & Flanks (1977)

Back 48

Rhyming recall.

Front 49

Peterson & Peterson (1959)

Back 49

Explored how long info can be stored before it is forgotten without rehearsal.

Front 50

Mnemonics

Back 50

Techniques for organizing and elaborating info so it can be more easily remembered.