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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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telencephalon
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cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system (forebrain)
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diencephalon
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thalamus, hypothalamus (forebrain)
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mesencephalon
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tectum, tegmentum
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metencephalon
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cerebellum, pons
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myencephalon
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medulla oblongata (hindbrain)
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thigmotaxic
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tending to stay near walls (animal behavior)
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Detectable range of light
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380-760 nm
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lateral inhibition
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inhibitory connection of photoreceptors with adjacent neurons
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recognition of harmony
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inferior frontal cortex
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underlying beat
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right auditory cortex
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rhythms on top of beat
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left auditory cortex
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Division of somatosenses (3)
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the exteroceptive system senses external stimuli applied to
the skin (e.g. touch) - the proprioceptive system monitors information about the position of the body and its posture (e.g. kinesthesia) - the interoceptive system provides information about conditions within the body (e.g. blood pressure) |
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Sleep spindle
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happens 2-5 times/ minute stages 1-4
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Arousal: ACh
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dorsal pons, basal forebrain, medial septum
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Arousal: NE
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Locus coreolus, correlated w/ performance during arousal
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Arousal: hypocretin
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lateral hypothalamus, released during waking and sleep
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Arousal: histamine
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tuberomammilary nucleus (TMN), projects to release ACh
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Arousal: 5-HT
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Raphe nuclei, facilitates movement, also present in REM sleep
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Ventrolateral preoptic area (VLPA)
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projects to TMN, Raphe nuclei and LC w/ GABA, active during sleep, lesion causes insomnia
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Flip-flop
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Arousal areas and VLPA are mutually inhibitory, LH neurons creating hypocretin influence arousal areas, thus no hypocretin, no arousal
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REM sleep: ACh
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peribrachial area: pedunculopontine nucleus (PPT)
and the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LDT). |
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REM On/Off
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Sublaterodorsal nucleus
(SLD) contains REM-ON neurons. ! Ventrolateral periaqueductal gray matter (vlPAG) contains REM-OFF cells. ! Stimulating REM-ON region elicits REM sleep. Inhibition disrupts it. |
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suprachiastmatic nucleus (SCN)
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biological clock space in rats
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vanderburgh effect
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females exposed to male urine will gothrough puberty faster
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whitten effect
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synchronized estrous cycles
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bruce effect
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fetus will abort if new male urine smelled
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vomeronasal organ
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projects to olfactory bulb, detects pheromones in rats, projects to medial nucleus of amygdala
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Sexual orientation of brain
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Superchiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and anterior commissure
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Bed Nucleus of Stria Terminalis
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Gender identity, large in males, small in women, trannies
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James-Lange Theory
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Fear-producing stimulus caused physiological reactions, emotion stems from these reactions
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Papez Circuit
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Hypothalamus > anterior thalamus > cingulate cortex = subjective emotional experience (upstream)
Cingulate cortex > hippocampus > hypothalamus = expression (downstream) |
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Kliver-Bucy syndrome
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amygdala lesions lead to:
- reduced fear - hypersexuality - hyperorality - hyperaggression - hypermetamorphosis |
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Central Nucleus of Amygdala
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expression of emotions related to aversive stimuli, projects to many different areas to control responses
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Neural correlates of aggression
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Periaqueductal gray matter (PAG) elicits predatory and defensive behavior in cats, projects to hypothalamus and amygdala
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Serotonin and aggression
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5-H1AA (metabolite) measured, low levels took more risks, all died by two years.
Low levels associated w/ assault and arson in humans, long and short alleles |
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Superior Temporal Sulcus
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increase firing rate when determining gaze direction
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speech activation
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precentral gyrus of the insular cortex
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