Psyc

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Nuerons

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The body’s information system is built from billions of interconnected cells

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action potential

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A brief wave of electrical charge that travels down an axon generated by the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of channels in the axon’s membrane.

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all or none prinicple

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When the current exceeds threshold a neuron will fire, and below threshold it will not

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synapse

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a junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving nueron

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neurotransmitters

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travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron

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Dopamine

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motor movement and alertness

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serotonin

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Function deals with mood control, hunger, sleep, and arousal

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lock and key mechanism

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Neurotransmitters bind to the receptors of the receiving neuron in a key-lock mechanism

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Agonists

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mimcs neurotransmitter

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antagonist

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blocks neurotransmitter

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neroous system

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consists of all the nerve cells. It is the body’s speedy, electrochemical communication system

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central nerovus system

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the brain and spinal cord.

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Peripheral Nervous System

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the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body

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Sensory Neurons

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carry incoming information from the sense receptors to the CNS

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Motor Neurons

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carry outgoing information from the CNS to muscles and glands

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Interneurons

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connect the two neurons

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Somatic Nervous System

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Part of the PNS that controls the glands and other muscles

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Autonomic Nervous System

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The division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s skeletal muscles.

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Sympathetic Nervous System

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that arouses or excites the body, mobilizing its energy

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Parasympathetic Nervous System

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calms the body, conserving its energy

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Brain lesion:

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experimentally destroys brain tissue to study animal behaviors after such destruction

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Electroencephalogram

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Uses electrodes on the scalp to record rapid, momentary changes in brain electrical activity

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PET scan

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Scan provides a visual display of brain activity that detects a radioactive form of glucose while the brain performs a given task

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MRI

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uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of brain tissue

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fMRI

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Reveals both structure and function of the brain

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brainstem

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the oldest part of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells and enters the skull. Responsible for automatic survival functions

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Medulla

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base of the brainstem, controls involuntary actions: heartbeat and breathing

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Pons

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helps coordinate movements by serving as a bridge between cerebellum and cerebrum

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Reticular Formation

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a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal

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thalamus

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the brain’s sensory switchboard located on top of the brainstem. It directs messages to the sensory areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla.

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Cerebellum

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It helps coordinate voluntary movements and balance.

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The Limbic System

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Associated with emotions such as fear, aggression, and drives for food and sex

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Amygdala

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linked to emotion of fear and anger

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Hippocampus

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learning and memory

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Hypothalamus

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directs several maintenance activities like eating, drinking, body temperature, and sexual behavior.