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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Personality
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Organized combination of attributes, motives, values, and behaviors unique to each individual
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Self-concept
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"What I am." Perceptions of your unique attributes and traits as a person
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Self-esteem
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"How good I am." Overall evaluation of your worth as a person based on positive and negative self perceptions that make up your self-concept
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Identity
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Overall sense of who you are, where you're heading, and where you fit into society.
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Dispositional traits
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Broad and stable dimensions of personality (i.e., intro-/extraversion along which humans differ in their thinking, feeling, and behavior).
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Characteristic adaptations
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Situation specific and changeable ways in which people adapt to their roles and environments (i.e., motives, goals, plans, schemas, self-conceptions, stage-specific concerns, and coping mechanisms).
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Narrative identities
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Unique and integrative "life stories" we construct about our pasts and futures to give ourselves identity and our lives meaning.
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Cultural and situational influences
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Weakest effects on dispositional traits.
Strongest effects on narrative identities/life stories. |
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Psychoanalytic theorists
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Use in-depth interviews, dream analysis, etc. to get below surface of the person and his/her behavior; understand inner dynamics of personality.
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Trait theorists
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Believe personality is a set of trait dimensions along which people can differ; Big Five.
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Big Five
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Openness to experience
Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism |
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Openness to experience
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Curiosity and interest in variety vs. preference for sameness.
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Conscientiousness
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Descipline and organization vs. lack of seriousness.
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Extraversion
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Sociability and outgoingness vs. introversion
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Agreeableness
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Compliance and cooperativeness vs. suspiciousness.
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Neuroticism
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Emotional instability vs. stability.
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Social learning theory
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Emphasize people change if their environments change.
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In the first 2 or 3 months, infants...
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...gain capacity to differentiate self from world
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In infants 9 months or olderm,...
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...realize they and their companions are seperate beings with different perspectives, ones that can be shared; joint attention
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Around 18 months, infants...
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...gain ability to recognize oneself in a mirror or photograph; self-recognition.
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Categorial self
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Babies classify themselves into social categories based on age, sex, and other visible characteristics; figure our what is "like me" and what is "not like me."
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Looking-glass self
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Self-concepts are the images cast by a social mirror.
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Temperment
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Early, genetically based tendencies to respond in predictable ways to events that serve as the building blocks of personality.
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Easy temperament
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Infants are content or happy, open and adaptable to new experiences, and have regular feeding and sleeping habits.
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Difficult temperament
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Infants are active, irritable, and irregular in their habits. Often react negatively to changes, and cry frequently.
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Slow-to-warm-up temperament
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Infants are relatively inactive, somewhat moody, moderately regular in daily schedules, slow to adapt to new situations, and respond in mildly negative ways. Eventually adjust.
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Behavioral inhibition
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Tendency to be extremely shy, restrained, and distressed in response to unfamiliar people and situations.
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Surgency/extraversion
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Tendency to actively and energetically approach new experiences in an emotionally positive way.
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Negative affectivity
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Tendency to be sad, fearful, easily frustrated and irritable.
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Effortful control
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Ability to sustain attention, control one's behavior, and regulate one's emotions.
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Gooodness of fit between child and environment
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Extent to which child's temperament is compatible with demands and expectations of his or her social world.
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Social comparison
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Using information about how they compare with other individuals to characterize and evaluate themselves; usually around age 8.
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Ideal self
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What children feel they "should" be like.
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Moratorium period
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During high school and college years when adolescents are relatively free of responsibilities and can experiment to find themselves.
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Crisis
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Seriousl grappled with identity issues and explored alternatives.
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Commitment
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Resolved the questions raised.
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Diffusion status
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No crisis and no commitment.
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Foreclosure status
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Commitment without a crisis.
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Influences on identity formation
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Cognitive growth
Personality Relationships with parents Oppertunities to explore Cultural context |
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Erickson's eight stages of psychosocial theory
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Trust vs. mistrust
Autonomy vs. shame and doubt Initiative vs. guilt Industry vs. inferiority Identity vs. role confusion Intimacy vs. isolation Generativity vs. stagnation Integrity vs. despair |
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Selective optimization with compensation (SOC)
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Three processes:
Selection Optimization Compensation |
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Selection
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Focus on a limited set of goals and the skills most needed to achieve them.
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Optimization
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Practice those skills to keep them sharp.
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Compensation
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Develop ways to get around the need for other skills.
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Honeymoon phase
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Old, retired people relish newfound freedom.
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Disenchantment phase
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Novelty wears off.
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Reorientation phase
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Begin to put together a realistic and satisfying lifestyle.
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Activity theory
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Aging adults will find their lives satisfying to the extent that they can maintain their previous lifestyles and activity levels.
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Disengagement theory
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Successful aging involves a withdrawl of the aging individual from society that is satisfying to both.
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