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136 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What is Environmental Competence?
An awareness of how the physical environment affects learning and an understanding of how to manipulate the environment to reach behavioral goals
What are some factors to consider in a well-planned room?
-Location of Fixed Features
-Traffic Areas
-Visibility
-Flexibility
-Ambiance
-Disabilites of Students
What type of class room is best for cluster seating patterns?
-Elementary Classrooms, where interaction is wanted.
What type of classroom is best for square seating patterns?
-Upper Level Classroom's where mostly dicussion classes are going to be taking place.
What type of classroom is best for rows of seating patterns?
-High/Middle School that are mostly lecture based only.
What is an Action Zone?
-An area in which the teacher is most likely to interact with students.
Seating patterns need to match _______ types and _______ goals.
-Instructional
-Learning
What are Environmental Cues?
-Stimuli that suggest appropriate behavior
[Examples: Board Instructions, Checklists, Color-Coded Material]
Skilled Teachers _______, ______, ________, and _______ desired behaviors.
-Encourage
-Teach
-Nuture
-Model
When does the learning enviroment begins to take shape?
-The First Day of School
The first few days are ______ to the establishment of a productive, smoothly managed learning enviorment.
-Critical
Schools or teacher should develop a small number of ______ ____ ______.
-Positively Stated
Expectations
What is the "Less Than One Mintue Rule"?
-Students should be able to repeat the rules of expectations in less than one minute.
Expectations should be ______ and _______ for students.
-Visible
-Defined
What are Conventional Consequences?
-Consequences appiled in a generic fashion which are intended to serve as a form of punishment that deters future misbehavior. [Examples: Time out, loss of privileges, removal from the room, and suspension from school]
What are Logical Consequences?
-Consequences that are specific to the misbehavior itself and serve a corrective, rather than a punitive function. [Example: Students must make right what they have done wrong.]
What are Instructional Consequences?
-Teach students how to correct behavior, and provide examples of proper behavior.
Focus on solutions over consequences.
What is a Routine?
-A predictable schedule or course of action.
What is a Procedure?
-Describes how to accomplish activities in the classroom. [Specific description of how to accomplish an activity or task in the classroom.]
What are Class-Running Procedures?
-Non-academic routines that help the classroom run smoothly
What are Lesson-Running Procedures?
-Support instruction by identifying the specific behaviors required in order for teaching and learning to happen
What are Interaction Procedures?
-Rules for talking
What is Home-Based Reinforcement?
-Students are given rewards and sanctions at home based on their behavior at school.
[Examples: School-Home Note, Daily Report Card]
What isTeacher Collective Self-Efficacy?
-The belief that teachers positively affect student learning by working together
What are Behavior Settings?
A stable situation in the enviorment known to be correlated with specific patterns of behavior. [Example: Basketball Game, Church, Restaurant] Such situations coerce children who enter them to behave in relatively homogeneous ways, regardless of the individual characteristics of the children.
What are Class Meetings?
A format for paticipatory classroom management in which teachers and students make joint decisions about class rules and consequences, room arrangment, and preferred activities.
What is Collective Self-Efficacy?
-Belief of success about a group or social system.
What is The Congruent Communication Approach?
-An approach developed by Haim Ginott in which the teacher helps to create a supportive emotional climate for learning by using a variety of positive communication strategies.
What is Disipline Hierarchy?
-List of generic consequences that increase in order of severity.
What are Rules?
-Statements describing a behavior that is necessary to ensure a safe and productive learning enviorment.
What is a Standing Pattern of Behavior?
-The norms and expectations associated with a particular setting.
What is Contiguity Learning?
-Learning by simple association.
What is Continuous Schedule?
-Schedule of reinforcement in which consequences are provided after every single instance of the behavior
What are Cues?
-Nonverbal events that occur prior to a behavior.
What is Discrimination?
-Learning in classical conditioning that includes differentiating between similar but different, stimuli.
What is Extinction?
-Strategy used to decrease an inappropriate behavior by no longer providing reinforcement for that behavior to obtain an external outcome such as an award or praise.
What is Generalization?
-Learning can be expanded beyond a specific stimulus to others similar stimuil.
What is Intermittent Schedule?
-A schedule of reinforcement in which consequences are provided preiodically for the behavior.
What is the Law of Effect?
-Behaviors that are associated with good consequences are more likely to occur, where as behaviors that are associated with bad consequences are less likely to occur again.
Learning must include a _______ in behavior.
-Change
Behavior occurs due to experiences in the ___________.
-Enviorment
Learning must include an association between a ________ and _______.
-Stimulus
-Response
What is Classical Conditioning?
-Change of reflexive behavior; change in immediate reactions to a specific situation
What is Operant Conditioning?
-Change in voluntary behavior; someone does something because of specific environmental consequences
The stimulus and response must occur _____ together in time.
[Immediate feedback in educational settings]
-Close
Classical Conditioning is a basic form of learning in which a stimulus that produces an innate refelx becomes asociated with a previously neutral stimulus, which then acquires the power to elicit essentially the ______ response.
-Same
Classical Conditioning is the process of ______ stimuli so that an unconditioned stimulus elicts a response. [Reflexive Behaviors]
-Pairing
What is Neutral Stimulus?
-Any stimulus that produces no conditioned response prior to learning
What is Acquisition?
-Initial learning stage in classical conditioning
What are the 4 basic features of classical conditioning?
-Unconditioned Stimulus
-Unconditioned Response
-Conditioned Stimulus
-Conditioned Response
What is the Unconditioned Stimulus?
-The stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response
What is the Unconditioned Response?
-The response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus without prior learning
What is the Conditioned Stimulus?
-A previously neutral stimulus that comes to elicit the conditioned response
What is the Conditioned Response?
-A response elicited by a previously neutral stimulus that has become associated with the conditioned stimulus
What are the 3 phases of Classical Conditioning?
1. Acquisition
2. Extinction
3. Spontaneous Recovery
What is Acquistion?
- A phase where learning occurs
[Example: Dog learns to salivate when hears bell]
What is Extinction?
If Conditioned Stimulus (bell) continues but in absence of Unconditioned Stimulus (food)
This is phase where the Conditioned Response (salivation) will occur less and less frequently in response to a Conditioned Stimulus, and eventually stops
What is Spontaneous Recovery?
-Phase in which a Conditioned Response returns after an extinction period (rest period and then resume learning trials)
What is Generlaization?
-Conditioned learning can be expanded beyond a specific stimulus to other similar stimuli.
What is Discrimination?
-Differentiation between similar, but different, stimuli; learning to distinguish
What is the Conditioned Emotional Response?
-The term is used for emotional responses that have developed from classical conditioning.
What is Aversive Stimuli?
-Produce negative emotional responses.
What is Test Anxiety?
-A generalized feeling of dread in response to tests; one of the most common conditioned responses in the school setting.
You should teach students to _______ or expand their learning and _______ or alter their learning appropriately.
-Generalize
-Discriminate
Help students cope with classically conditioned anxiety (CERs) by teaching them ______, ________, and ______ strategies.
-Relaxation
-Coping
-Practice
In ______ conditioning, the consequences of behavior, such as rewards and punishments, influence the probability that the behavior will occur again
-Operant
What is Trail-and-Error Learning?
-Learner gradually discovers the correct response by attempting many behaviors and noting which ones produce the desired consequences
What is Law of Effect?
-Behaviors associated with good consequences are more likely to occur in the future, and behaviors associated with bad consequences are less likely to occur again.
Thorndike is the originator of _______ conditioning. [Experiments with animals]
-Operant
Operant Conditioning: The arrangement of environmental variables to establish a ________ _______ between a voluntary behavior and its consequences.
-Functional Relation
What is a Cue?
-Nonverbal events that signal a behavior is expected
What is a Prompt?
-Verbal reminders that accompany a cue
Cues and Prompts are ____________ which are apart of Operant Conditioning.
-Antecedents
What is a Reinforcement?
-Consequences that increase the occurrence of a behavior
What is a Punishment?
-Consequences that decrease the occurrence of a behavior
Reinforcements and Punishments are _______ that are apart of Operant Conditioning.
-Consequences
What are the ABC's of Learning?
-A = Antecedent
-B = Behavior
-C = Consequence
Who are the psychologists associated with Operant Conditiong?
-Skinner
-Thorndike
-Woolfolk & Brooks
What is Applied Behavior Analysis?
-Specific strategies based on operant conditioning to increase wanted behaviors and decrease unwanted behaviors
What is Behavior Modification?
-Assumed behavior was malleable and controlled primarily by consequences
Goal of Applied Behavior Analysis is to develop empirically-based treatment & interventions that work at the level of the __________.
-Individual
Behavior modification is compared to _________ behavior analysis.
-Applied
What are Positive Reinforcers?
-Stimulus presented after a response that increases the probability of that response happening again
What is Negative Reinforcement?
-The removal of an unpleasant stimulus contingent on a response, that increases the probability of that response happening again
Negative reinforcement is ___ the use of an aversive stimulus to weaken a response
-Not
What is Continuous Reinforcement?
-Reinforcement schedule in which all correct responses are reinforced
What is Patial (Intermittent) Reinforcement?
-Reinforcement schedule in which some, but not all, correct responses are reinforced
What is a Fixed Ratio?
- Rewards appear after a certain set number of responses
[Example: Factory workers getting paid after every 10 cases of product are completed]
What is Variable Ratio?
-Rewards appear after a certain number of responses, but that number varies from trial to trial
[Example: Slot machine pay-offs]
What are the 4 basic features of classical conditioning?
-Unconditioned Stimulus
-Unconditioned Response
-Conditioned Stimulus
-Conditioned Response
What is the Unconditioned Stimulus?
-The stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response
What is the Unconditioned Response?
-The response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus without prior learning
What is the Conditioned Stimulus?
-A previously neutral stimulus that comes to elicit the conditioned response
What is the Conditioned Response?
-A response elicited by a previously neutral stimulus that has become associated with the conditioned stimulus
What is Fixed Interval?
-Rewards appear after a certain fixed amount of time, regardless of number of responses
[Example: Weekly or monthly paychecks]
What are Variable Intervals?
-Rewards appear after a certain amount of time, but that amount varies from trial to trial
[Example: Random visits from the boss who delivers praise]
What is Punishment?
-A consequence of a behavior that decreases the future occurrence of that behavior.
Punishment occurs only when the preceding behavior
_________.
-Decreases
What are some examples of physical punishment?
-Spanking, physical discomfort
What are some examples of psychological punishment?
-Public humiliation, ridicule
What is The Premack Principle?
-People will perform a less desirable activity to get a more desirable activity.
[Example: The more desirable activity reinforces the less desirable activity.]
What is Shaping?
Reinforcing successive approximations to the desired behavior
[Example: Learning by small steps, Used when a behavior is not currently occurring, First reinforce a crude approximation of the desired behavior. Once that behavior occurs, you reinforce only the behavior that represents a closer approximation to what you want. Continue until entire behavior is displayed.]
What is Reinforcing Incompatible Behaviors?
-Using reinforcement to increase an appropriate behavior while decreasing the incompatible behavior
What is Praise-and-Ignore?
-Ignoring inappropriate behaviors while praising appropriate behaviors of others
What is Positive Practice?
-Having a student perform the right or appropriate behavior repeatedly
What is Satiation?
-Asking a student to perform a negative or inappropriate behavior over and over until it is no longer rewarding
What is Extinction?
-Behaviors cease or are eliminated because reinforcement is no longer given for the behavior
What is Extinction Burst?
-Initial increase in behavior due to withdrawal of reinforcement
What is Overcorrection?
-Making restitution for behavior
What is Reprimand?
-Verbal criticism of behavior intended to be positive punishment
[Examples: Eye contact, Stand close, Privately]
What is Response Cost?
-Taking away something an individual desires (type of negative or removal punishment)
What is Social Isolation?
-Time Out; Behavioral stragegy used to decrease an inappropriate behavior by removing an individual from a setting that includes reinforcements to a setting in which reinforcement is denied.
What is Neutral Stimuli?
-All events that do not evoke an automatic response.
What is Token Economy?
-Students are given a token for appropriate classroom behavior or good academic work. The tokens are exchanged periodically for toys or prizes that children can choose based on their own preferences.
What is Contingency Contract?
-Teachers write a contract for each student specifying goals for behavior that will be reinforced and what reinforcements will be given based on students preferences. Students can be involved in setting the goals and determining the rewards.
What is Group Consequences?
-Reinforcement is based on the behavior or academic achievement of the class as a whole. The students may help choose the class reward.
Albert Bandura developed the Social Cognitive Theory which is laso called ______ learning and ________ learning.
-Observational
-Vicarious
What were the 3 different endings to the bobo doll experiemnt flim?
1. Praise
2. Punishment
3. Nothing
The application of consequences is ___ necessary for learning to take place.
-Not
Learning can occur through the simple processes of ________ the behavior of others.
-Observing
Bandura’s work combines behavioral and cognitive views of ______.
-Learning
What is a Model?
-The individual whose behavior is being observed
What are Live Models?
-Individuals being observed directly
What are Symbolic Models?
-Individuals not living within the same environment as the observer
What is Relevance in referance to characteristics of effective models??
-An individual is interested in the behavior of the model, and the model is similar to the individual.
What is Competence in referance to characteristics of effective models?
-The model is seen as competent in the behavior being observed.
What are the 4 conditions that must be met in order for a modeling to take place?
1. Attention
[person must first pay attention to the model]
2. Retention
[person must remember what was observed (rehearsal)]
3. Production
[person must have ability to produce (replicate) the behavior]
4. Motivation
[Person must want to demonstrate what they have learned]
What is Response Facilitation Effect?
-A behavior is imitated more frequently if a model has been reinforced for the behavior.
[Vicarious reinforcement]
What is Response Inhibition Effect?
-Behavior is limited if a model has been punished for the behavior.
[Vicarious punishment]
What is Response Disinhibition Effect?
-Behavior is imitated if a model’s behavior is not punished when typically the behavior is punished.
Modeling teaches new ________.
-Behaviors
Modeling can be an _______ __ _______, which can provide a faster, more efficient means of teaching new behaviors (** for some, but not all, students!!).
-alternative to shaping
Teachers and parents can model _______ behaviors.
-appropriate
A ____ ___ ____ (persons, symbols) can and should be used.
-variety of models
What is Self-Regulation?
-The ability to control one’s own behavior
What is Self-Efficacy?
-One's belief about or expectation for success on a particular task.