Psyc 203 Flashcards

Front 1

Factors influencing normal development (biological x5)

Back 1

genes, in utero effects, brain structure, head injuries/illnesses, gender

Front 2

Factors influencing normal development (psychological x5)

Back 2

temperament, self-esteem, coping, emotion regulation, cognitions

Front 3

Factors influencing social development (social x5)

Back 3

environment, modeling, interaction with environment, peers, school

Front 4

dimensional classification

(pros and cons)

Back 4

everyone possesses symptoms to varying degrees, disorder when it reaches an extreme

Pros: everyone has behaviours and symtoms, people rated as below or above average, analyze how it will affect functioning

Cons: practically difficult, insensitive to contextual effects, dependent on understanding of "normal"

Front 5

categorical classification

(cons)

Back 5

distinctive categories that are black and white and must meet specific criteria

Cons: specific/rigid and people don't always fit into criteria, behavior hardly falls into certain categories, impaired but at a subthreshold?

Front 6

DSM-IV-TR

(cons x4)

Back 6

categorical tool and listing of mental health disorders

Cons: no focus on infancy and childhood (developmentally inappropriate criteria), individualistic, need to meet criteria for treatment, doesn't cater well to those that don't fit

Front 7

Evidence based practice

Back 7

integration of best available reserach with clinical experience in context of patient characteristics, cultures, and preferences

Front 8

Ethics (x5)

Back 8

respect for dignity of persons and peoples, responsible caring, integrity of relationships, social justice, honest practices

Front 9

Assessing Children (4 items)

Back 9

interviews, observations, rating scales, tests

Front 10

Formulating a Case (1 + 5 items)

Back 10

context - look at environment child is working within
predisposing - pre-birth/in utero and family history
precipitating - what has led to current situation
present - what needs to be dealt with
perpetuating - looking at factors that could keep problem going
protective - stress positives and strengths that help people overcome difficulties

Front 11

ADHD
(3 types)

Back 11

difficulties in behaviour, cognitive functioning (poor at planning, problem solving, focus, and attention span), social functioning (peers avoid or ignore because seen as annoying)

inattentive, hyperactive/impulsive, combination

Front 12

Conduct Disorder (CD)

Onset Times (2)

Back 12

aggressive and antisocial behaviors that overflow onto other people

Childhood onset (before 10)
Adolescent onset (after 10, more covert)

Front 13

Oppositional Defiance Disorder (ODD)

Back 13

Child's behavior exists on a spectrum from non-compliance (failure to respond to a task, passive in nature) to defiance (vocal, active refusal to a reasonable request)

-caused by poor parenting + child's nature

Front 14

Patterson's Bidirectional Influence (ODD)

Back 14

Give them what they want leading to reinforce defiance; harsher punishment and model hostile behaviour

Front 15

Separation Anxiety Disorder

Back 15

Not wanting to separate from parents and excessive anxiety concerning separation, preoccupation with returning home

-environmental triggers(rsponse to dangerous life event)
-chronic and progressive

Front 16

Behavioral Treatment for Anxiety
(2 items)

Back 16

-flooding and habituation
-systematic desensitization

Front 17

Childhood Depression

Back 17

child is irritable or grumpy (low mood) or has diminished interests or pleasure (over 2 week period)

-uses adult diagnositc criteria

Front 18

Autism

Back 18

impairments in social interaction, communication, and restricted/repetitive patterns of behaviours/interests/activities

-likely to have an intellectual disability, genetic condition

Front 19

Echolalia

Back 19

feature of autism, child repeats what they heard (whether immediately after event or delayed)

Front 20

Male Erectile Disorder

Back 20

inability to attain or maintain an adequate erection
-acquired problem, likely due to occasional failure and attribution

Front 21

Theory of Sexual Functioning

Back 21

Performance demands, for normal males, creates a positive affect and focus on sexual cues

Performance demands, for impaired males, creates a negative affect with focus on failure (negative feedback)

Front 22

Diathesis-stress model

Back 22

looks at an individual's disposition and liability to disorders

Front 23

Psychoanalytic theory

Back 23

three components of psyche (id, ego, superego), and pathology stems from either ego anxieties (causing fixations or stress) or tension among components

Front 24

Behavioural Theory

Back 24

dependent on classical conditioning and operant conditioning

Front 25

Classical Conditioning

Back 25

pairing of stimulus with unconditioned stimulus

Front 26

Operant conditioning

Back 26

behaviours are rewarded, punished, or reinforced, which influences their recurrence after response

Front 27

Depression Affects... (4 things)

Back 27

Emotions (sadness, loneliness), motivations (loss of interest, yearning for escape, no will), cognitions (pessimism and negative self-concept), and physical state (movement, fatigue, appetite)

Front 28

Beck's Cognitive Theory

(cons x4)

Back 28

Depression arises from cognitive triad, logical errors in thinking, and cognitive schema

-does not explain diversity of symptoms of depression, psychological reactions more complex, individual differences not accomodated, does not distinguish from abnormal

Front 29

Cognitive Triad (3 parts)

Back 29

patients tend to hold negative automatic thoughts about self, world, and future

Front 30

Logical Errors in Thinking (4 parts)

Back 30

-arbitrary influences = jump to conclusion based on little evidence
-selective abstraction = confirmation bias and attending to the negative
-overgeneralizations = sweeping conclusions from minimal events
-dichotomous thinking = thinking in all or none terms

Front 31

Cognitive Schemata

Back 31

organised representations of prior experience that facilitate information processing, guiding behaviour and interpretation

Front 32

psychometrics

Back 32

identify the boundaries of appropriate use of constructs as found using a measure

Front 33

reliability

Back 33

replicability of score, consistency or stability of score across measurements

Front 34

alternate-form reliability

Back 34

two versions of test developed and look for correlation

Front 35

split-half

Back 35

divide questions into two groups

Front 36

internal consistency

Back 36

item and correlation score

Front 37

test-retest

Back 37

want scores to remain the same when test is taken again

Front 38

inter-rater reliability

Back 38

measure error produced by different raters

Front 39

validity

Back 39

meaningfulness of score, degree to which a score corresponds to construct measure is assumed to quantify

Front 40

concurrent validity

Back 40

correlation between score and criterion score using correlated scores from new and old measures

Front 41

predictive validity

Back 41

measure taken now and taken in future, correlation between score and criterion outcome

Front 42

face validity

Back 42

degree that a measure seems to be a good measure (based on inference)

Front 43

discriminant validity

Back 43

don't want high correlation coefficient, want yours to be better (measuring different constructs)

Front 44

construct validity

Back 44

what is the construct that accounts for score variance

Front 45

personality disorder

Back 45

enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates from norms and manifests itself in cognition, interpersonal function, affect, impulse control
-inflexible and pervasive

Front 46

Clusters and Classifications of Personality Disorders
(3 clusters)

Back 46

Odd/Eccentric (schizoid, schizotypal, paranoid)
Dramatic/Flamboyant (narcissitic, antisocial, borderline, histrionic)
Anxious/Fearful (avoidant, dependent, OCD)

Front 47

Clinical Impressions of Schizophrenia

(4 items)

Back 47

ambivalence, associative disturbances, affective disturbances, preference for fantasy over reality

Front 48

Formal Thought Disorder

Back 48

Derangement in form of language: reduced cohesion, greater repetition, less predictable
-impaired inhibitory mechanisms in semantic network result in intrusions of activated associations in speed

Front 49

Panic Disorder

Back 49

repeated panic attacks (change behavior related to attacks)

Front 50

Simple Phobia

Back 50

excessive fear of a specific stimulus

Front 51

Social Phobia

Back 51

fear of social performance or scrutiny

Front 52

Obsessive-compulsive disorder

Back 52

preoccupied with details, routine, and perfectionism interfering with task completion

Front 53

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Back 53

excessive worry/anxiety

Front 54

Paruresis

Back 54

disruption of urination in defined public or social settings
-stable and unremitting, prevalence in late childhood and puberty
-not generally associated with an event; combination of shyness with precipitating context that prevents learning

Front 55

Enuresis

Back 55

bedwetting (involuntary and frequent)

Front 56

Psychogenic urninary retention

Back 56

people can't urinate because it is a pseudo-neurological disorder (regardless of other's attentions)

Front 57

Biopsychosocial Framework

Back 57

physical pathology, mental processes, and structural context

Front 58

Te Whare Tapa Wha

Back 58

Maori definition of health, modeled as a house with four sides (body, psychological, family, spritiual)

Front 59

Acute Illnesses

Back 59

rapid onset, quick to resolve, self-treated

Front 60

Chronic Illnesses

Back 60

Long-lasting, sometimes self-manageable, onset from acute situation

Front 61

health psychology (3 items)

Back 61

promotion and maintenance of health, prevention and treatment of illness, social construction of what it means to be ill

Front 62

Socioeconomic status

Back 62

can be defined as educational attainment, income, job category, materialistic access, trapnsportation, property ownership
-connected to stress, depression

Front 63

Structured interviewing

Back 63

quantitate participants' views (questionnaire), closed questions, fixed answer choices, specific set order

Front 64

Semi-structured interviewing

Back 64

investigate participants' views, open ended questions, no leading questions, no set order

Front 65

underweight

Back 65

condition of being lighter than average for one's height and build
-under 18.5 kg/m^2 for BMI

Front 66

overweight

Back 66

weighing more than is normal or desriable for height/build
-in between 25 and 30 kg/m^2

Front 67

BMI Limitations (4 items)

Back 67

Treated as absolute categories, obesity as a diagnosis and not a symptom, not a direct measure of body fat (muscle?), not direct measure of spread of body mass/fat

Front 68

Anorexia nervosa

Back 68

refusal to maintain body weight above a minimally normal weight for age and height, intense fear of gaining weight, disturbance in perception of one's body weight or shape, amenorrhea

Front 69

Bulimia Nervosa

Back 69

recurrent episodes of binge eating and recurrent inappropriate behaviour (purging or non-purging subtypes)
-3 months at least twic a week
-self-concept influenced by body shape and weight

Front 70

Eating-disorder-not-otherwise specified

Back 70

anorexia nervosa criteria met but menstruating or normal weight -or- bulimia nervosa criteria met but compensatory behavior not as frequent

Front 71

Body Image
(3 parts)

Back 71

subjective picture or mental image of one's body
-perceptions, beliefs, and feelings

Front 72

Body Dysmorphia

Back 72

preoccupation with defect in appearance, functional impairment (spend hours thinking about defect, feelings of self-consciousness lead to avoiding public situations)

Front 73

Substance Dependence

Back 73

behavior controlled by a substance with need for dose escalation, withdrawal on sensation

Front 74

Addict

Back 74

habitual user of substance (excessive use of drugs)

Front 75

Addictions

Back 75

continued use because of history

Front 76

Transtheoretical Model/Stages of Change Model

(5 parts)

Back 76

Used to understand the process of change common to all theories of psychotherapy
-precontemplation = not aware or concerned of problem
-contemplation = vaguely considering change
-preparation = intention fromed, start to plan
-Action = start to make change
-Maintenance = keep up change

Front 77

3 Benefits of Stages of Change

3 Cons of Stages of Change

Back 77

Benefits: no assumption about readiness to change, provide structure for interventions and monitoring, applied to health-related behaviors too

Problems: assume insight can be gained, not explicit about relapses, trouble with coplex combinations of behaviors

Front 78

Sex

Back 78

Defined as chromosomal differences

Front 79

Gender

Back 79

defined as socially constructed role differences

Front 80

Transexualism

Back 80

desire to belong to other sex

Front 81

Transgenderism

Back 81

does not fit into gender roles

Front 82

Gender Identity Disorder

Back 82

strong and persistent cross-gender identification (persistent discomfort)

Front 83

Medicalizing Disorders Pros
(3 parts)

Back 83

legitimizes distress, justifies seeking help, facilitates withdrawal from life stress

Front 84

Medicalizing Disorders Cons
(4 parts)

Back 84

focuses on individual (not cultural context), distress not seen as a real physical condition, pathologizes life experiences, medication as easy route to quick recovery

Front 85

Negative Affectivity

Back 85

trait propensity to experience poor mood states

Front 86

Personal self-consciousness

Back 86

trait propensity to focus on self (emotional states + body presentation)

Front 87

Somatization

Back 87

trait propensity to make somatic attributions for sensations

Front 88

Systematic Lupus Erythematosus

Back 88

SLE or Lupus, photosensitivity to sunlight causing mild to severe rashes, cyclical/chronical
-invovles problems with menstruation and miscarriage

Front 89

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Back 89

autoimmune disease, inflammation and destruction of many joints; disability builds up as joint erosions do not heal
-cyclical

Front 90

HIV

Back 90

Retrovirus invading host's cells, leads to AIDS

Front 91

Illness Beliefs
(5 parts)

Back 91

Feedback process of coping with illness
-Identity = symptoms and labels of condition
-Timeline = how long illness is going to last
-Causes = beliefs about onset of illness
-Controllability = personal control versus outside of control
-Consequences = impact on individual and those close to them

Front 92

Stress

Back 92

Transaction between person and their environmental demands
-tradtionally: major life events

Front 93

Primary Stress Appraisals
(3 parts)

Back 93

Harm, threat, and challenge

Front 94

Secondary Appraisals (coping)
(2 parts)

Back 94

Self, help

Front 95

Coping (3 parts)

Back 95

problem-focused (active and approach), emotion-focused (passive and avoidant), meaning-focused (passive and approach)

Front 96

CB Therapists

Back 96

help people become aware of potentially problematic situations, help people understand how they think

Front 97

compliance

Back 97

traditional term for taking medicine as prescribed
-reinforces power differential

Front 98

Non-compliant

Back 98

purposeful and unintentional non-compliance

Front 99

Suboptimal Dosage (4 parts)

Back 99

wasted products, worsening health status, need for more appointments, premature death

Front 100

Adherence
(Two correlations)

Back 100

steady observance or maintenance of medical recommendations for treatment
-specifically necessary for individual and medications are not generally overused

Front 101

Measuring Medication Taking (3 ways, two with deception)

Back 101

-Inert dose of additional substance and check with blood test
-Electronic monitoring of when pill bottles are opened
-Questionnaires that are disease-specific and relies on self-report

Front 102

Health Belief Model

Back 102

Cost-benefit analysis and predicts the likelihood of action

Front 103

Concordance

Back 103

optimize health gain from best use of medicines, compatible with what patient desires and is capable of achieving
-shared decision making, therapeutic alliance, consumer-led healthcare

Front 104

Quantitative Data

Back 104

anything that can be represented as numerical quantity

Front 105

Qualitative Data

Back 105

anything not being converted to numerical representation, interpreting the deeper meaning of data

Front 106

Media/medium

Back 106

conduit of information

Front 107

Discourses

Back 107

culturally specific sets of statements/meanings/metaphors; actively received by people

Front 108

Borderline Personality Disorder

Back 108

instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, affect, impulsivity

Front 109

Paranoid Disorder

Back 109

pervasive distrust, suspiciousness of other's motives

Front 110

Schizoid Disorder

Back 110

pattern of detachment from social relationships, restricted range of expression of emotions

Front 111

Schizotypal Disorder

Back 111

social/interpersonal deficits marked by discomfort with close relationships`

Front 112

Schema Therapy

Back 112

identification and modification of schemata driving inappropriate behaviors

Front 113

Antisocial personality disorder

Back 113

pervasive pattern of disregard for the violation of rights of others

Front 114

psychopathy

Back 114

emotional detachment and antisocial lifestyle

Front 115

Avoidant personality disorder

Back 115

social inhibition, inadequacy, hypersensitivity to negative evaluation

Front 116

dependent personality

Back 116

advice/reassurance from others

Front 117

Humanistic Theory

Back 117

consequence of deviation from drive for self-actualization

Front 118

social learning theory

Back 118

learn fear responses from observation of other's responses

Front 119

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

Back 119

Change cognitive distortions, focus on present but learn how schemas were formed

Front 120

mania

Back 120

increased self-esteem, grandiosity, decreased need for sleep, talkativeness, racing thoughts, distractability, agiation, high risk activities
-extreme defense mechanism

Front 121

Factors influencing simple phobias

Back 121

familiarity (positive and negative associations), beliefs and expectations regarding stimulus

Front 122

Maintained Phobias

Back 122

experience with object or situation, socially transmitted information, cognitive rehearsal

Front 123

Preparedeness theory

Back 123

biological or evolutionary in nature, beneficial to have specific fear of stimuli or to acquire it more easily

Front 124

Neurological disorders

Back 124

damage or disease to brain following onset of disease or trauma

Front 125

Alzheimer's

Back 125

amnesia, aphasia (language), apraxia (impaired motor abilities), agnosia (failure to identify objects)

Front 126

health promotion

Back 126

holistic approach to health, respecting cultural differences, promoting positive health at societal and individual level

Front 127

Multiple Sclerosis

Back 127

neurological conditon involving destruction of myelin sheath that surrounds nerve cells (blocks/distorts normal transmission of nerve impulses)

Front 128

Social causation model

Back 128

higher levels of stress from those less well-off (greater exposure, emotional impacts, less resources)

Front 129

social drift model

Back 129

mental health problems decreases SES, less economically viable and experience greater stress

Front 130

Relativity issue

Back 130

knowingly having less resources than other groups in society

Front 131

Transvetism

Back 131

wearing clothing of opposite sex

Front 132

unstructured interviews

Back 132

guided conversation (participant observation, record field notes, use of key informants)

Front 133

Genetic essentialism

Back 133

genes revealing true nature of person, negation of environmental influences

Front 134

Genetic contingency

Back 134

rise of genetic explanations has condition specific effect