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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Baseline
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In a single case design, the subject's behavior during a control period before introduction of the experimental manipulation.
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Cohort
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Group of people born at the same time and exposed to the same societal events
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Control series design
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Extension of the interrupted time series quasi-experimental design with a comparison / control group.
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Cross-sectional method
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Persons of different ages are studied at only one point in time
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Longitudinal method
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The same persons are observed repeatedly as they grow older; like repeated measures design.
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History effects (Confound)
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Any outside event that is not part of the manipulation that could be responsible.
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Instrument decay (Confound)
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A change in the measurement instrument, including human observers, is responsible for the results
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Regression to the mean (Confound)
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Principle that extreme scores on a variable tend to be closer to the mean after second measurement is made; aka statistical regression
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Testing effects (Confound)
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Taking a pretest changes behavior without any effect on the IV
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Maturation (Confound)
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The possibility that any naturally occurring change within the individual is responsible for the results.
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Selection effects/ differences
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Differences in the subjects in each group in an experimental design; occurs when participants elect which group they are in
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Interrupted time-series design
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Examines a series of measurements over an extended time period before and after the treatment is introduced.
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Multiple baseline design
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Observing behavior before and after manipulation under multiple circumstances (across different individuals, behaviors, or settings)
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Nonequivalent control groups design
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A quasi-experimental design in which nonequivalent groups of subjects participate in the different experimental groups, and there is no pretest.
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Posttest-only design
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A true experimental design in which the DV (posttest) is measured only once, after manipulation of the IV.
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Pretest-posttest design
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A true experiment design in which the DV is measured both before (pretest) and after (posttest) manipulation of the IV.
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One group posttest only
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A quasi-experimental design that has no control group and no pretest comparison
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Program evaluation
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Research designed to assess procedures (e.g. social reforms) designed to produce certain changes in target population.
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Needs assessment
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Are there problems to be solved?
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Program theory assessment
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Will problem be addressed?
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Process evaluation
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Monitoring
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Outcome evaluation
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Did program achieve desired outcomes?
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Reversal design
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Single-case design where treatment is introduced after a baseline period and then withdrawn during a second baseline period; aka "withdrawal" design.
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Sequential method
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Combination of cross-sectional and longitudinal design to study development research questions.
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Central tendency
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Single number/ value that describes typical or central score among a set of scores
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Correlation coefficient
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An index of how strongly two variables are related to eachother
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Criterion variable
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The variable/score that is predicted based upon an individual's score on another variable (the predictor variable); similar to a DV
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Descriptive statistics
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Stats that describe the results of a study
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Effect size
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The extent to which two variables are associated
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Frequency distribution
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Arrangement of set of scores from lowest to highest that indicates the number of times each score was obtained
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Frequency polygons
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A graphic display of a frequency distribution in which the freq. of each score is plotted on the vertical axis, with the plotted points connected by straight lines
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Multiple correlation
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A correlation between one variable and combined set of predictor variables
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Partial correlation
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Observing a situation wherein the observer takes an active role
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Path analysis
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Depicts the relationships described in the models and show the “path” of the purported causal influences
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Pie chart
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Graphic display of data in which frequencies and percentages are represented as "slices" of a pie
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Predictor variable
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A variable used to make a prediction of an individual's score on another variable (the criterion variable). Conceptually similar to a IV
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Variability
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The amount of dispersion of scores about some central value
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Regression equation
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A mathematical equation that allows prediction of one behavior when the score on another variable is known
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Restriction of range
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Problem when scores on a variable are limited to a small subset of their possible values; makes it more difficult to identify relationships
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Scatterplot
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Graphic representation of each individual's scores on two variables
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Standard deviation
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The average deviation of scores from the mean (the square root of the variance)
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Statistical significance
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Rejection of the null hypothesis when an outcome has a low probability of occurrence (usually .05 or less) if, in fact, the null hypothesis is correct
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Structural equation modeling
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Statistical techniques that are used to evaluate a proposed set of relationships among variables
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Variance
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Measure of the variability of scores about a mean
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Alpha level
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Probability of incorrectly rejecting the null hypothesis used by a researcher to decide whether an outcome is statistically significant
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ANOVA
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Test to see whether two or more means are significantly different
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Chi-Square Test
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Used when dealing with nominal scale data and when data consists of frequencies.
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Degrees of freedom
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The number of observations that are free to vary to produce a known outcome.
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Error variance
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Random variability in a set of scores that is not the result of the IV
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Inferential statistics
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Statistics designed to determine whether results based on sample data are generalizable to a population.
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Null hypothesis
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The hypothesis that variables under investigation are not related and any observed effect is due to random error.
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Power
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The probability of correctly rejecting the null hypothesis.
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Alternate hypothesis
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Part of causal inference; a potential alternative cause of an observed relationship between variables.
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Sampling Distribution
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Theoretical distribution of the frequency of all possible outcomes of a study conducted with a given sample size.
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Statistical Significance
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Rejection of the null hypothesis when an outcome has a low probability of occurrence (usually .05 or less) if, in fact, the null hypothesis is correct.
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Systematic Variance
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Variability in a set of scores that is the result of the independent variable
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Cohen’s d
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Used when comparing two means. Expresses effect size in terms of SD units.
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Type 1 Error
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An incorrect decision to reject the null hypothesis when it is true.
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Type 2 Error
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An incorrect decision to accept the null hypothesis when it is false.
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T-test
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Test used to compare differences between means.
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Generalizability
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An interaction generating variable
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Meta analysis
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Statistical procedures for combining results of studies in order to provide a general assessment of the relationship between variables.
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Conceptual replication
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A type of replication of research using different procedures for manipulating or measuring the variables.
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Exact replication
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A type of replication of research using the same procedures for manipulating and measuring the variables that were used in the original research.
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Main effects
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The direct effect of an independent variable on a dependent variable.
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Interactions
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Effect of one IV on the DV changes, depending on the level of another IV
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Simple effects
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In factorial design, the effect of one IV at a particular level of another IV
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