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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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IQ Determined by genes? |
40 - 70 percent |
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For IQ, genes determine what? |
Range of possible IQs |
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Environment determines what for IQ? |
Where on range you end up |
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Cooper and Zubek(1958) outline |
Selective breeding rats, some impoverished some enriched, enriched and normal did best in maze |
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Phenotype |
Observable characteristics |
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Genotype |
Total genes that are inherited |
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Thalidomide, what is and what did? |
Anti-nausea drug in 1950s. For mother, sleep, for baby prevented new blood vessel growth and stunted limbs |
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Critical Period |
A time where specific bio or enviro events have irreversible and dramatic effects on development |
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Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) |
Caused by drinking while pregnant, causes brain damage due to lack of O2. May affect 1 - 2 percent of US pop. |
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Tobacco when pregnant |
Increased risk for: Stillbirth, miscarriage and sudden infant death syndrome, decreased birth weight |
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Heroin and meth while preg |
Low birth weight, newborn addiction, sleeplessness, hyperirratable, death |
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Cannabis while preg |
Low birth weight, low attention span during infant |
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Cocaine while preg |
Increased risk of premature birth and cognitive deficits |
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Caffeine and tobacco while preg |
Increased risk: Misscarrige and Stillbirth, sudden infant death syndrome, low birth weight |
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Extacy while preg |
Heart defects, ambiguous genitalia, retarded fetal growth, absent arms and scapula |
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Teratogens: What? |
Caffeine, alcohol etc while pregnant |
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Teratogens, what factors vary effect? |
Timing (developmental stage) What teratogen it is Individual Susceptibility Dosage level |
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Anderson, Johnstone and Remley (1999) |
Breast fed babies higher mean iq than non breast fed babies (3.16 higher) |
Breastfeeding |
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Long term adv of breast feed |
Fewer behavioural problems, breast milk contains fatty acids needed for brain development |
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Konrad Lorenz |
Geese would imprint to the first moving thing they encountered during a CP 13 to 16 hrs after hatching |
Imprinting |
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Imprinting |
Formation of mother-offspring attachments in many birds |
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Henry Harlow exp 1957 - 1963 |
Young monkeys would choose cloth surrogate at all times, regardless of whether there was food on wire surrogate |
Monkey surrogate mothers |
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Isolation effects on monkeys when removed from isolation |
Go into emotional shock, autistic self-clutching and rocking, refusing to ear and dying shortly after |
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Rehabilitation process for isolate monkeys |
Therapist monkeys of younger age, 8 hours a week interaction with isolates |
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Can isolates be rehabilitated |
Yes, after 6 months, social behavior is all but normal |
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Genie rehabilitation |
Over 4 years, learned to express herself, never became normal |
Discovered at 13,tied to potty and metal crib |
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Bowlby (1948) children in Foster homes |
Found they had increased attention seeking behaviour, apathy, indifference and withdrawal. Had cognitive and language impairments |
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Harold Skeels (1930) what? |
25 children from Foster care, moved 13 to be adopted by women in an institution |
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Harold Skeels 1930 results |
30 years later, 11 of 13 controls were self supporting and married with children, 4 of 12 controls were in an institution, only 6 received primary school education |
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Dennis 1973 what? |
Studied 89 children in Lebanese creche Almost no social interaction When adopted ages ranged from 1 to 6 Checked back on IQ 2 years later |
Lebanese creche |
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Dennis 1973 results |
Earlier adoption age, the better the outcomes were, as less time in isolation |
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Sensitive period |
Similar to critical period, but effects are less dramatic, and are reversible |
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Perry 2002 what? |
Children removed from neglectful environments at different ages 8 months - 5.7 years, then front-occipital circumference measured |
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Perry 2002 results |
Children raised in normal environments had larger circumference of brain than deprived, earlier left larger brain |
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Affects of child abuse |
Increase in delinquency, violence, pregnancy, drug use and mental health problems |
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Dube et Al 2001 results |
Increase in suicide attempts for emotional physical and exual abuse |
Results of child abuse |
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Shaken Bay Syndrome, what? |
Brain injury when violently shaken, weak neck. Muscles and large heavy head, brain bounces inside skull. Leads to permanent damage or death |
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Shaken baby syndrome symptoms |
Brain and retinal bleeding, damage to spinal chord, neck etc Irratable, lethargic, poor feeding breathing and convulsions |
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Degenhardt et al 2010 |
17 countries suggested that drugs such as cannabis are not causal in leading to use of other drugs, but rather individual characteristics of users |
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Secades-Villa et al 2015 |
44.7%of those who used cannabis go on to use other illigal drugs, but those with mental disorders are particularly susceptible |
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SIDS Common conception |
Bed sharing increases risk of SIDS? |
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Is the SIDS Common conception correct? |
Yes, especially if parents have been drinking or are sick |
Bed sharing |
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Oxytocin |
'love-drug' that is released upon vaginal birth, increased levels when in love |
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Wittfoth-Shardt 2012 |
Oxytocin given to fathers increases fatherly warmth and increases contact with children |
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Micro-Expressions when lying, what and where? |
Chin muscles tense when lying |
What muscles tense |
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Language learning theory |
Language can't be learned through reward/punishment so it must be innate(born with) |
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Teinonen et al 2009 |
Even when infant is newborn and asleep, they use familiarity to group sound into words |
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Evans et al 2009 |
Typically developing children are good at learning about patterns Children with statistical learning impairment (sli) have difficulties with patterns Better statistical learning = better language ability |
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Green 1987: |
44 feminine and 30 control boys, between 4 and 12 years of age, 75% of feminine became homosexual, 5% fantasised abt homo sex |
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Zucker and Bradley 1995 |
55 boys with gender dysphoria, followed up when 13 to 26 years of age, 9% trans, 38% homo, 2% hetro x dresser, 27% hetro, 24%uncertain |
Gender dysphoria |
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Gender dysphoria |
Distress felt due to a mismatch of their gender identity and assigned gender at birth |
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DES: Diethylstilbestrol |
Given to women in 1971,linked to vaginal and cervical cancer, and to sexual preference in offspring |
Given to women in 1971 |
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Ward 1972 |
Release of hormone similar to testosterone when stresses, and blocks testosterone receptors in child's brain, delaying or preventing reception of testosterone |
Stressed mothers release... |
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Dorner et al 1983 |
Larger number of homosexual men born during the war than just before or after |
German men born in war |
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Effects of smoking on sexuality of child |
Masculanises women's brains, feminises male brains |
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Manning 2001 |
1 in 7 gay men owe their sexuality to their birth order, as gay men tend to be born later and have more brothers |
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