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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Darwins theory |
All species of organisms arise and develop through the natural selection of small inherited variations that increase the individuals ability to compete survive and reproduce. |
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Gene |
Provide the codes for proteins -Structural proteins -Enzymes -DNA |
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DNA |
Composed of a series of amino acids Templates for RNA Genes are segments of DNA Junk DNA -Coding genes -Regulatory genes |
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Environment |
Every aspect of an individual and their surroundings except the genes themselves |
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Genotype |
The set of genes that an individual inherits |
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Phenotype |
Observable properties of the body's and Behavioral traits |
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How genes are passed along through reproduction |
DNA exists in chromosomes All humans gave 22 of these pairs The last pair is sex chromosomes One member of each of these pairs come from one parent the other member of the pair comes from the other |
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Mendelian pattern of heredity |
Mendel came up with the idea that genes come in pairs and that one can be dominant over the other. He discovered that some behaviors are effected by a single gene. |
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Homozygous |
When two genes at the same locus in a pair of chromosomes are the same |
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Heterozygous |
When two genes are not the same |
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Alleles |
Different genes that can occupy the same locus thus can potentially pair with each other |
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Dominant gene |
Produce its observable effects in either the homozygous or heterozygous condition |
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Recessive gene |
Will only produce its effects in the homozygous condition |
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Identical twin Fraternal twin |
Same sex only. More alike than other twins in terms of personality, intelligence, specific fears. Same sex or opposite |
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Darwins core concepts of natural selection. |
There is overproduction of offspring in each generation. There is variations in features or traits within members of a generation Individuals with collections of traits that fit well with the local environment are more apt to survive and have more offspring than those that don't Individual differences are inherited from one generation to the next |
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Two sources or generic variability on which natural selection acts |
Reshuffling of genes during production Mutations. Errors that occasionally and unpredictably occur during DNA replication. |
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Evolution is spurred by: |
Environmental changes. Environment can cause appropriate mutations that change and promote natural selection |
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Ultimate explanations |
Functional explanations at the evolutionary level |
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Proximate explanations |
Explanations that deal with the mechanism in the immediate conditions |
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Species typical behaviors |
Human emotional expression Role of learning in developing species typical behavior Biological preparedness and species typical behavior (babies born with stepping reflex) |
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Mating is what drives evolution. Four classes of mating arrangements are: |
Polygny (1 male 2+ females) Monogamy (1 male 1 female) Polyandry (1 female 2+ males) Promiscuity (2+ males and 2+ females) |
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Parental investment |
Time, energy, and risk to survival involved in producing feeding and caring for offspring. In general, for species in which parental investment is unequal, the more parentally invested sex will be more vigorously competed for and discriminating when choosing mates |
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Cooperation |
Helping others while also helping oneself. |
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Apparent acts of altruism |
Helping others at the cost of oneself makes sense if explained by the kin selection theories. |
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Fallacies to avoid |
Naturalistic fallacy equates to what Is natural with what Is right Deterministic fallacy is the belief that genes control behavior in ways that cannot be altered by environmental experiences or conscious decisions |
