Psyc 107 Test 3 Ch 7

Front 1

Overview: How do we Learn

Back 1

Habituation
Classical conditioning (Pavolv)
Operant conditioning (Skinner)
Classical vs. operant condition
Learning by Observation

Front 2

Learning

Back 2

A relatively permanent change in an organisms behavior (and thoughts, skills) due to experience
-(not due to native response tendencies, maturation, or temporary state (e.g., drugs)

Front 3

Habituation

Back 3

Simplest form of learning; process of responding less strongly over time to a repeated stimulus (ex, new places; rewards)

Front 4

Simplest form of learning

Back 4

Aplysia

Front 5

Sensitization

Back 5

Opposite of habituation (annoying; irritating)
Ex. Whispering in movie theater

Front 6

Associative Learning: classical conditioning

Back 6

Learning to associate one stimulus with another; classical conditioning (thunder with lightning)
-Tendency to develop connections between events that occur together in time and space

Front 7

Associative Learning: Operant Conditioning

Back 7

Learning to associate a response with a consequence

Front 8

Pavlov

Back 8

-Studied digestion in dogs (VIDEO in elearning)
-Discovered associative conditioning between neutral stimuli and meat powder
-A stimulus comes to elicit a response that it doesn’t normally elicit

Front 9

UCS

Back 9

Unconditioned stimulus- biologically significant stimulus that produces automatic response (meat powder)

Front 10

UCR

Back 10

Unconditioned response- automatic response to a UCS that occurs without learning (salivating to meat powder)

Front 11

CS

Back 11

Conditioned stimulus; initially neutral stimulus, becomes associated with the UCS through conditioning (tone)

Front 12

CR

Back 12

Conditioned response- learned response (salivating to tone)

Front 13

By virtue of CS-UCS pairing,

Back 13

The CS comes to elicit the CR, a response closely related, but not identical, to the UCR

Front 14

Behaviorists believe

Back 14

Psychology should be an objective science based on objective behavior (CC= classical conditioning (Pavlov and Watson); OC= operant conditioning (Skinner))

Front 15

Acquisition

Back 15

The initial learning stage in classical conditioning in which an association between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus takes place

Front 16

Acquisition: For conditioning to occur:

Back 16

1. In most cases, for conditioning to occur, the neutral stimulus needs to come before the UCS
2. The time in between the two stimuli should be about half a second (ideal)

Front 17

Acquisition Factors: Classical conditioning strongest when:

Back 17

Repeated CS-UCS pairings
-Shot time interval between CS and UCS
-The UCS is intense (ex. Car accident in rain = fear of driving in rain)
-Taste aversions: can take only one trial (chicken and dumplings)

Front 18

Extinction

Back 18

When the US (food) does not follow the CS (tone), CR (salivation) begins to decrease and eventually causes extinction

Front 19

Spontaneous Recovery

Back 19

After a Rest period: CR (salivation) spontaneously recovers, but if the CS (tone) persists alone, the CR becomes extinct again

Front 20

Stimulus generalization

Back 20

Tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the CS (afraid of all water from drowning in ocean)

Front 21

Stimulus discrimination

Back 21

The learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus (only afraid of padre island)

Front 22

Pavlov and Watson

Back 22

Considered consciousness (or mind) unfit for the scientific study of psychology. However, they underestimated the importance of Cognitive Processes and Biological constraints

Front 23

Cognitive Processes

Back 23

Early thinking: mindless behaviors
Later thinking: animals learn the predictability of a stimulus, meaning they learn expectancy or awareness of a stimulus (Antabuse)

Front 24

Biological constraints

Back 24

Learning is constrained by an animal’s biology (ex. Rats did not get sick from sight or sound, but only associated taste with being sick) (Birds eat by sight, so they learn to associate the way something looks with being sick)

Front 25

**Antabuse example

Back 25

Antabuse put into alcohol; alcoholics drink it, supposed to feel sick to develop aversion. But the alcoholics know that Antabuse and not the alcohol caused the sickness, so the approach was not as effective. Example of overriding classical conditioning

Front 26

Pavlov’s greatest contribution to psychology

Back 26

-All animals can learn by CC
-Showed how a process can be studied objectively

Front 27

Applications of Classical Conditioning

Back 27

1. Former crack cocaine users should avoid cues (people, places) associated with previous drug use
2. Through Classical Conditioning a drug that affects the immune response may cause the taste of the drug to invoke the immune response
3. Advertising
4. Phobias (Little Albert)
5. Fetishes
6. Aversive Conditioning
7. Guilt by association
8. Disgust Reactions

Front 28

Phobias

Back 28

John Watson (behaviorist) vs. Freud (all behaviors result of sexual desires)
Little Albert: conditioned toddler to fear rat = fear learned not inherited (Watson did this experiment)