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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Problem Solving
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active efforts to discover what must be done to achieve a goal that is not readily attainable
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Problems of Inducing Structure
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problems requiring one to discover relations amoung numbers, words, symbols or ideas eg.analogy & seriese completion problems
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Problems of Arrangement
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problems requiring one to arrange parts of a problem in a way that satisfies some criterion. eg. string & anagrams
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Insight
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a sudden discovery of a correct solution following incorrect attempts usually based on trial & error
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Greeno's 3 classes of problems
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Problems of; inducing structure, arrangement, transformation
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Problems of Transformation
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one must carry out a sequence of transformations to reach a goal eg. hobbits & orcs & water jar
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List 4 barriers to effective problem solving
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Irrelevent information, functional fixedness, mental set, unnecessary constraints
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Irrelevent information
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information given in a problem which is not needed to solve it
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Functional Fixedness
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a tendency to perceive an item only in terms of its most common use
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Mental Set
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persisting on using problem solving stratagies that have worked in the past
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Unnecessay constraints
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the assumption that there are restrictions or constraints in place which have not been specified or do not exist
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problem space
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the set of possible pathways to a solution considered by problem solver
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Trial & Error
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trying possible solutions & disgarding those in error until one works
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Algorithm
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a methodical, step by step procedure for trying all possible alternatives in finding a solution to a problem
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Heuristic
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a guiding principle or "rule of thumb" used to solve problems or make decisions
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List 4 types of Heuristics used in problem solving
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forming subgoals, working backwards, searching for analogies, changing representation of a problem
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4 stages of problem solving
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1 -initial attempt to solve problem, 2 incubation, 3 illumination, 4 verification
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incubation
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a stage of problem solving where the problem is put aside for some time
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illumination
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a stage of problem solving where sudden insight into problem occurs
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verification
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a stage of problem solving where the solution is checked to ensure it is correct
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