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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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motivation |
need or desire that energizes and directs behaviour |
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instinct |
complex behaviour that has a fixed pattern throughout a species and is unlearned |
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drive-reduction theory |
physiological need = aroused tension state (drive) = motivation to reduce drive (behaviour) need for food = hunger = eating motivation stems from the physiological need to reduce drives |
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homeostasis |
-tendency to maintain a balanced/constant internal state -regulation of any aspect of body chemistry -ex. blood glucose must be at optimum levels to not experience any physiological arousal |
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incentive |
positive/negative environmental stimulus that motivates behaviour. -lures or repels -ex. aroma of food food, sight of those we find attractive/threatening |
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optimum arousal theory |
-low arousal = need to seek out increase in arousal -ex. curiosity drives babies to investigate every corner of house - there is an optimum level of arousal humans need after all biological needs are satisfied |
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maslow's hierarchy of needs |
-sequence and preference for which needs/drives are met first -pyramid that goes in order from bottom to top -physiological needs on very bottom, so therefore physiological needs must first be met before anything above it -physiological > safety and security > psychological |
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glucose |
form of sugar that circulates in blood and provides major sources of energy for body tissues |
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set point |
point at which an individual's optimal weight is supposedly set. -ex. if individual falls below set point, the body will decrease metabolic activity and increase hunger to restore lost weight |
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basal metabolic rate |
minimum amount of calories/energy needed to carry out bodily functions |
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physiological causes of hunger |
-increase insulin = decrease glucose = hunger -via arucate nucleus - secretion of appetite stimulating hormones, or secretion of appetite suppressing hormones |
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ghrelin |
hunger arousing hormone secreted by empty stomach -can be decreased via bypass surgery: section of stomach blocked off and remaining stomach produces less ghrelin |
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leptin |
decreases hunger. secreted by fat cells |
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PYY |
decreases hunger. secreted by digestive tract |
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orexin |
triggers hunger. secreted by hypothalamus |
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how do taste preferences affect hunger? |
1) culture 2) how much you are conditioned to the food (how much you eat - ex. if you eat primarily high salt foods, you will learn a preference to highly salty foods) 3) natural neophobia - we naturally do not like unfamiliar foods (adaptive for ancestors because it keeps them from eating potentially toxic food) 4) adaptivity - preference for spicy food in hot-climate countries because it preserves food that would otherwise go bad very quickly |
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how do situational influences affect hunger? |
1) situational facilitation - you eat more when there are more people around 2) unit bias - depending on which country you are in, portion sizes will vary, as well as plate sizes 3) food variety - we eat more when more variety of food (adaptive bc when there is more food available, there are more vitamins and nutrients available) |
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Testosterone |
high amounts in males (in both sexes) Helps form male sex organs in womb, and develops secondary sex characteristics during puberty in males |
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estrogen |
ex. estradiol contributes female sex characteristics |
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sexual response cycle |
1) excitement - genitals engorged with blood, vaginal expansion and lubrication 2) plateau - excitement peaks; breathe, pulse, BP increases 3) orgasm - sexual release 4) resolution - return to unaroused state |
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how is sexuality motivated biologically |
sexual maturity, sex hormones, sexual orientation |
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how is sexuality motivated psychologically |
exposure to stimulating conditions, sexual fantasies |
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how is sexuality motivated socially/culturally |
media, religious values, family/societal values |
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erotic plasticity |
extent to which social, cultural, and situational factors affect the sex drive - higher in females than in males |
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function of sex for males and females |
males - spread genes as much as possible females - have committed partner to take care of family and to keep family safe and provide security *women are more cautious in regards to sex |
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sexual strategies theory |
men seek attractive partners (more healthy and fertile) women seek both attractive partners and one who is able to provide resources (in gay relationships, there are similar trends to those of men in SST; less intimacy, more physical, masturbation and sexual fantasies, and in lesbian relationships there are similar to those of women in SST; more intimate) |
