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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Neuron
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Individual cells in the nervous system that recieve, integrate, and transmit information
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Soma
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Part of the Nuron that contains the cell nucleas and much of the chemical machinery common to most cells (also known as cell body). Handles information.
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Dendrites
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Parts of a neuron that are specialized to recieve information (has trees)
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Axon
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Is a long, thin fiber that transmits signals away fromt he soma to other neurons or to muscles or glands.
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Myelin Sheath
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Insulating material that encases some axons. Speeds up transmission of signals.
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Terminal Buttons
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Small knobs that secrete chemicals called neuortransmitters attaches from the axon to the dendrites.
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Synapse
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a junction where information is transmitted from one neuron to another
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Glia
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Cells found throughout the nervous system that provide various types of support for neurons. Smaller than neurons, lots more than neurons. supply nurishment to neurons, help remove waste products, and provide insulation around axons. helps orchestrate the developement of the nervous system in the human embryo.
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Neurotransmitters
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chemicals that transmit information from one neuron to another.
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Resting Potential
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a neuron's stable, negative charge when the cell is inactive.
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Action Potential
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Is a brief shift in a neuron's electrical charge that travels along the axon.
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What happens at a synapse?
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Signals have to jump synaptic cleft (micro gap between terminal buttons and cell membrane). Presynaptic neruon sends signal, post synaptic neuron accepts signal. Neurotransmitters help messages travel across synaptic cleft. Neurotransmitters located in synaptic vesicles which are released and move from lower to higher concentration.
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GABA
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Neurotransmitter. serves as widely distributed inthibitory transmitter valium and smilar antianxiety drugs
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Nervous Systems
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Central Nervous system, and peripheral nervous system
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Central Nervous system
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Brain (Brainstem, midbrain, cerebral cortex)
Spinal Chord |
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Peripheral Nervous System
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Somatic Nervous System (voluntary)
Automatic Nervous system (involuntary) - Symphathetic NS (speed up, fight or flight) and Parasymphathetic (slow down, depression) |
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Acetylcholine (ACh)
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Neurotransmitter. Released by motor neurons controlling skeletal muscles. Contributes to the regulation of attention, arousal, and memory.
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Dopamine
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Contributes to control of voluntary movemtn, pleasureable emotions.
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Norepinephrine
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Contributes to modulation of mood and arousal
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Serotonin
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Neurotransmitter. Regulation of sleep and wakefulness, eating, aggression.
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Endorphins
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Resemble opiate drugs in structure and effects. Contribute to pain relief and perhaps so some pleasurable emotions.
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Afferent Neurons
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Sensory, incoming (inside top holes of spinal chord)
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Efferent
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Motor, outgoing (inside bottom holes of spinal chord)
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Internerurons
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Reflix arc (speeds up reflexies, jumps between top and bottom hole of spinal chord)
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How electricity is created within a neuron
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Once the charge gets to -50 the pores in the neurons get really big so sodium can now get in. Electricity has been created because of this rapid shift. positive goes out axon terminals and stimulates axons. we created sodium potassium pump for electrical charge to go down. (negative charge is -70 milivolts when active)
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electroencephalograph (EEG)
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a device that monitors the electrical activity of the brain overtime by means of recording electrodes attached to the surface of the scalp.
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Lesioning
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Involves destroying a piece of the brain
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Electrical stimulation of brain (ESB)
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Involves sending a weak electric current into a brain structure to stimulate (activate it).
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Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
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a new technique that permits scientists to temporarily enhance or depress activity in a specific area of the brain.
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CT scans
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a computer enhanced X ray of brain structure. Multiple x rays are shot from many angles and the computer combines the readings to create a vivid image.
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Endorphins
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Resemble opiate drugs in structure and effects. Contribute to pain relief and perhaps so some pleasurable emotions.
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Afferent Neurons
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Sensory, incoming (inside top holes of spinal chord)
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Efferent
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Motor, outgoing (inside bottom holes of spinal chord)
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Internerurons
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Reflix arc (speeds up reflexies, jumps between top and bottom hole of spinal chord)
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How electricity is created within a neuron
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Once the charge gets to -50 the pores in the neurons get really big so sodium can now get in. Electricity has been created because of this rapid shift. positive goes out axon terminals and stimulates axons. we created sodium potassium pump for electrical charge to go down. (negative charge is -70 milivolts when active)
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electroencephalograph (EEG)
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a device that monitors the electrical activity of the brain overtime by means of recording electrodes attached to the surface of the scalp.
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Lesioning
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Involves destroying a piece of the brain
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Electrical stimulation of brain (ESB)
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Involves sending a weak electric current into a brain structure to stimulate (activate it).
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Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
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a new technique that permits scientists to temporarily enhance or depress activity in a specific area of the brain.
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CT scans
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a computer enhanced X ray of brain structure. Multiple x rays are shot from many angles and the computer combines the readings to create a vivid image.
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PET scans (position emission tomography)
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can examine brain function mapping actual activity of the brain over time.
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MRI scans (Magnetic resonance imaging)
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uses magnetic fields, radio waves, and computerized enhancement to map out brain structure. much better than CT scans.
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Cerebral cortex
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Largest top portion of the brain (sensation and thinking)
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Midbrain stem
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Mid-portion of the brain (contains thalamus, hypothalamus, lilmbic systom)
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Brainstem
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Bottom portion of the brain (keeps you alive, tells your heart to beat and lungs to breath) (contains pons, medulla, and reticular formation)
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Pons
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Regulation heart beat and respiration, some to do with sleep (brainstem)
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Medulla
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More to do with heart and lungs(brainstem)
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Reticular formation
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Sleep process (brain stem)
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Thalamus
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relay or communications center (distributes incoming messages) (mid-brain)
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Hypothalamus
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Manages hunger/thirst, temp control, sexdrive, works with endocrine system, direct connections with every gland in body. (mid-brain)
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Limbic systom
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Produces all of the physological aspects of emotion (mid-brain)
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Corpus callosum
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Not a part of any area of the brain, lets info pass between left and right sides of the brain.
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Cerebellum
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Also known as little brain, manages motor balance and motor corralation, receives toxins first.
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Crerebral cortex
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(Cerebrum) Takes care of higher functions of brain, concious and unconcious thoughts. (sensing, thinking, learning, emotion, conciousness, and voluntary movement.
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Right hemospheres
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Controls left side of the bondy, where images exist, artistic abilities
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Left hemosphere
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Motor function in oral languege, mathmatical abilities, ability to make sense of details, controls right side of body
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Endocrine system
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Consists of glands the regulate bodily activities. (Hypothalamus is the boss)
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Pituratory glands
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Growth hormones (sterioids)
FSH (Fallical stimulating hormone... primary and secondary sex characteristics. |
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Thyroid
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Produces Thyroxin (sets motabillistic level)
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Adrenal glands
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Produces adrenelin
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Pancreas
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Produces Insulin
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Sex glands
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Produces estrogen, testostorone, and progesterone
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Altered state of concioussness
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when one is not being aware of slef and enviornment (achieved through meditation, hypnosis, sleep, and getting drunk)
1. time disturbance 2. memory 3. perepetual distortions 4. Altered cognitive process |
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Concioussness
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When one is aware of self and enviornment
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EEG
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Measures brainwave patterns
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Diff stages of sleep
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(NOT REALLY A STAGE)
Hynogogic stage (wierd thoughts) 1- 4 descending into deeper stages REM sleep... occurs anywhere between one and four, rapid eye moviement, semi paralyzed. |
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Circadian Rhythms
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24-hour biological cycles found in humans and many other specieies.
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ARAS (reticular formation)
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Center of arousal, controls wake and asleep. core of the brain stem between the myelencephalon (medulla oblongata) and mesencephalon (midbrain).
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Insomnia
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Sleep disorder in which there are chronic problems in getting adequate sleep. Never reach REM sleep
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Nacrolepsy
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a disease marked by sudden and irresistble onsets of sleep during nowrmal waking periods.
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Somnambulism
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Sleepwalking occurs when a person arises and wanders about while remaining asleep. (stage four)
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Nightmares
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Bad dreams, shift from back to side.
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Night Terrors
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Abrupt awakenings from NREM sleep accompanied by intense autonomic arousal and feelings of panic. (bolts up right.... screams... eyes glaze over)
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Sleep apnea
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fequen reflexive grasping for air that awakens a person and disrupts sleep.
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REM movment
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Sleepers arn't paralized in REM (jump up and do what they are doing in dream)
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Three theories of dreams
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Psychoanalytic (dreams have meaning)
Cognitive (Stores memories of the day) Biological (dreams are like screen savors) |
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Common dreams
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Ches are pursids, common people, common places, sexual dreams, falling etc.
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Lucid dreaming
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You can control your dreams.
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Barber vs. Hilgard
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Barber : belives in roleplaying in hypnosis, the subject acts as they think they should act.
Hilgard : believes in hypnosis as an altered state of consiousness. |
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EEG patterns
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awake: low voltage, high fequencey beta waves.
Drowsy: alpha waves prominit State 1: Theta waves prominent Stage 2: Sleep spindles and mixed EEG activity Stage 3 and four: low wave sleep. more delta waves REM sleep: low voltage high frequency waves (same as awake) |
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Meditation
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Altered state of concioussness
Goal: reach a transcendent reality |
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Montra
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Creates meditation by:
1. Image/thought 2. repeated chant |
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Narcotics/depressants (opiates)
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EX. Morphine or Heroin. relaxation, anxiety reduction, pain relief.
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Sedatives
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barbiturates/nonbarbiturates/ Oral, injected. Sleeping pill, relaxation, anxiety reudction.
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Stimulates
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Caffine, nicotine, cocaine. Oral, sniffed, injected, freebased, smoked. Treatment of hyperactivity and narcolepsy. Increased alertness, energy, reduced fatigue.
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Hallucinogens
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LSD, marajuana, mescalin. Oral, increased sensory arwareness, insidghtful experience,.
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Cannabis
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Hashish, THC, treatment of Glaucoma and chemotherapy. Altered perceptions, enhanced awareness,
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