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196 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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functional analysis of behavior
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misbehaving child's behavior is reinforced by the attention
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biological
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physical response
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evolutionary
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behavior, result of revolution
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behavioralist
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learning forms behavior, reward/punishment
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cognitive
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mental
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psychodynamic
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unconscious conflict, Freud
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humanistic (phenomenological)
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everyone has their own approach and it's all correct
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eclectic
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mixture
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naturalistic observation
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watching in a natural setting... (s) natural setting, (w) bias, self-awareness
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case studies
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intensive explanation of one person or situation... (s) very detailed, (w) not a representative picture
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survey
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(s) quick and inexpensive, (w) error prone, response bias
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correlation studies
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relationship between research variables... (s) hypotheses, predictions can be tested, (w) doesn't show causation
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experiment
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(s) cause & effect and dependent & independent variables, (w) confounding variables
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inferential statistics
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"statistically significant"
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t-test...
ANOVA |
2 groups...
more than 2 tests |
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Sir Francis Galton
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"nature or nurture"
new research methods |
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1st 2 weeks
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germination stage
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2nd 2 weeks to the 2nd month
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embryonic stage
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2nd month on
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fetal stage
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prenatal risks: placenta
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filters things in the blood
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prenatal risk: teratogens
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alcohol, drugs, etc.
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prenatal development: critical period
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embryonic stage where developing occurs
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Piaget's stages: sensorimotor
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birth - 2 years
development: object permanence, schemas-seen and heard |
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Piaget's stages: preoperational
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2 - 7 years
symbols, intuitive guess, animism, egocentrism, no conservation |
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Piaget's stages: concrete operational thought
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7 years thru adolescence
have conservation, simple logic, operations, real objects, can reason what is and not what will/could be |
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think logically about abstract ideas, questions social institution, thinks hypothetically, uses symbols and proposition
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Piaget's stages: Formal operational thinking
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very fast developing, social referencing
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mother-child bond
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hungry and sleepy predictably, react to new situations cheerfully, seldom fuss
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temperment patterns: easy
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irregular, irritable
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tempermant patterns: difficult
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react warily to new situations but eventually come round
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temperment patterns: slow-to-warm up
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Who says attachment is based on feeding and emotion?
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Harry Harlow
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greet mothers when they return, but reject efforts and contacts
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ambivalent
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aviod mother when they return
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avoidant
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behavior is inconsistent, disturbed, and disturbing, or they may reach out for the mothers while looking away from them
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disorganized
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limitations on parenting styles
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based on correlational evidence, how children percieve discipline
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parenting styles: authoritarian
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strict, by-the-book
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parenting styles: permissive
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liberal
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parenting styles: authoritative
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justifications, mixture of permissive and authoritarian styles
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What influences gender roles?
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social factors, biological factors, cognitive factors (gender schemas), nature vs. nurture
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moral judgments based on selfish tendencies
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Kohlberg's stages: preconventional
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following rules
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Kohlberg's stages: conventional
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presonal standards or universal principles, moral
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Kohlberg's stages: postconventional
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early adulthood
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20 - 39 years old
growth continues |
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middle adulthood
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40 - 65 years old
physical changes slowly emerge: loss of sensory sharpness, menopause, andropause |
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late adulthood
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65 years --->
all physical changes are developed |
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nun studies
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wrote autobiographies: various levels of linguistic complexity, grammar skills and index of higher order skills
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puberty
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12 girls, 14 boys
physical, social, cognitive changes (identity crises) |
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1st year
infant learns their needs will be met by the world (mothers)... or to mistrust it (them) |
Erickson's stages: trust vs. mistrust
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2nd year
children learn to exercise will, make choices, control themselves... or doubt their abilities |
Erickson's stages: autonomy vs. shame & doubt
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3rd - 5th year
children learn to initiate activities, enjoy accomplishments, acquire direction & purpose... or feel guilty for attempts at independence |
Erickson's stages: initiative vs. guilty
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6th year thru puberty
develop a sense of industry and curiosity, eager to learn... or feel inferior and lose interest in the tasks before them |
Erickson's stages: industry vs. inferiority
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adolescence
see themselves as unique and integrated persons with an ideology... or become confused about what they want from life prone to depression |
Erickson's stages: identity vs. role confusion
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early adulthood
are able to commit themselves to another person... or feel there is no one in the world other than oneself |
Erickson's stages: itimacy vs. isolation
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middle age
willing to have and care for children, devote themselves to work and the commmon good... or become self-centered and inactive |
Erickson's stages: generativity vs. stagnation
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old age
period of reflection,assuring themselves that their lives are meaningful and ready to face death with dignity and acceptance... or feel unaccomplished and led ill-spent lives |
Erickson's stages: integrity vs. despair
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glial cells
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"glue" support for neurons
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dendrites
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detects & carries signals to cell body
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axon
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carries signals away from the cell body
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cell body
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contains all organelles and DNA for the cell, site of axon nillick: initiates action potential
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synapse
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gap btwn neurons, gives chemical signals--neurotransmitters
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neurotransmitter
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chemical released by a cell that binds to receptors on another cell, chemical message
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receptor
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proteins on the cell membrane that recueve chemical signals
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IPSP
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inhibitory post-synaptic potential, "don't send the message"
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EPSP
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excitatory post-synaptic potential, "send it! send it! send it!"
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absolute refractory period
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time when cell cannot fire an action potential again for any reason
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What are the functions of the nervous system?
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input, output, processing
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brain, spinal cord (responsible for reflexes)
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central nervous system
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somatic
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things one is consiously aware of: feeling, touch
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autonomic
-sympathetic -parasympathetic |
happens on its own
-fight or flight -relaxation |
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in the spine: afferent
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approaching, sensory
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in the spine: efferent
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exiting, motor
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picks up electrical impulses in the brain, info in real time
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EEG (electroencephalogram)
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tags some metabolic molecules (glucose, o2) with a radioactice isotope, measures decay to see where molecule was uptaken...
limitations: expensive, only a few per year can be done--radioactive |
PET (positron emission topography)
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structural image of the brain, put energy into the head and "listens" to the image
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MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
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measures blood flow in the brain, response is slow but well localized
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fMRI (functional MRI)
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oldest part of the brain, contains the medulla, reticular formation, cerebellum, and locus coeruleus, causes light headedness when one stands up too quickly
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hindbrain
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contains important nuclei, the substantia nigra, and the striatum
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midbrain
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contains the thalamus, hypothalamus, the superchaismatic nuclei, lymbic system, hippocampus, andamygdala
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forebrain
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medulla
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vital functions, causes lightheadedness
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reticular formation
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activates other structures in the brain
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cerebellum
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"little bell" balance and fine movement (writing, typing)
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locus coeruleus
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"blue spot" directs attention
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subtantia nigra
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"black substance" responsible for parkinsons and smooth movement
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striatum
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"striped" responsible for smooth movement
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thalamus
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relays pain signals from the CNS "switch board operator"
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hypothalamus
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4 fs! feeding, fleeing, fighting, "mating"
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superchaismatic nuclei
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clock
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lymbic system
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integrates emotions and memory
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amygdala
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"almond" responsible for emotions
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hippocampus
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"seahorse" responsible for memories
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responsible for speech production, "broken speech" *____ Aphasia: hard to speak, not grammatical*
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Broca's Area
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responsible for comprehension of speech, *____ Aphasia: able to speak, garbled*
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Wernicke's Area
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corpus callosum
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allows information to cross the hemispheres
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logical, language abilities
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left brain
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artistic, spatial, musical abilities
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right brain
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neurotransmitters: movement, memory
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acetylcholine
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neurotransmitters: sleep, mood, learning
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norepinephrine
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neurotransmitters: mood, appetite, aggression
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serotonin
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neurotransmitters: movement, reward, mood
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dopamine
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neurotransmitters: movement
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GABA
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neurotransmitters: memory
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glutamate
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peptide: modulates pain
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endorphin
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gas: memory
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nitric oxide
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messages from the senses
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sensation
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making sensation into meaningful experiences
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perception
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responsiveness to a stimulus decreases over time
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adaption
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physical neuronal stimulation
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transduction
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temporal code
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pattern/timing represent different things
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spatial coding
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codes to the location of neurons firing and those that aren't
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doctrine of a specific nerve energy
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whatever the sense is supposed to interpret, it will
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loudness, pitch, and timber
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psychological attributes of sound
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frequency, amplitude, and wavelength
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physical attributes of sound
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place theory
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particular place responds to a sound
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frequency-matching theory, or volley theory
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neuronal firing corresponds to frequency, one fire per wave... firing at a combined frequency too high for any one to do alone
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photoreceptors
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transduct light into a neuronal energy
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(3 pigments) color
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cones
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(1 pigment) light
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rods
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lateral inhibition
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helps detect edges
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motion perception: looming
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rapid expansion of the size of an image so that it fills the retina
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strobostropic motion
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percieving motion when a series of still images appear in rapid succession
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sensory information dominates processing
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bottom-up procssing
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experiences guide information that is processed, constructivist theory
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top-down processing
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dualism
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mind and body are separate, Rene Descartes
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materialism
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mind and body are one
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theater view
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consciousness is a stage on which awareness plays before the mind
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parallel distributed processing (PDP) model
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many different parts occurring at the same time
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conscious level
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what is going on now
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preconscious level
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recalling something that was formerly consciousness
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nonconscious level
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things that occur w/out conscious knowledge, cannot be brought to the conscious level
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unconscious level
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something that occurred in the past that cannot be remembered but effects how one acts
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blindsight
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damage to primary visual cortex, results in blindness but can percieve some things
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prosopagnosia
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inability to recognize faces
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anterograde amnesia
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no new memories can be made however learning can occur through repeated practice, damage to the hippocampus
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sleep stages 1 and 2, before actual sleep occurs
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drifting
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sleep stages 3 and 4, increasingly slower brain waves
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slow-wave sleep
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sleep stages 5 and 6, muscles become paralyzed, dreaming occurs
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REM (rapid eye movement)
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inability to fall asleep
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insomnia
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inability to control sleep
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narcolepsy
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air passage blocked while sleeping
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sleep apnea
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baby dies while sleeping, suffocation
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SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome)
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occur during REM sleep, bad dreams
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nightmares
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horribly graphic dreams
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night terrors
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doing strange and random things while sleeping
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REM sleep disorder
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functions of sleep
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rest, restore neurotransmitter sensitivity, neuronal development, consolidation
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dreams are fulfilled during sleep
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wish-fulfillment theory
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random information in brain firing, does not make sense
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activation-synthesis theory
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solving an issue in your dream
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problem-solving theory
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"you will..." eat less, not fear this, etc.
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post-hypnotic suggestion
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acting like a child, change one's thoughts
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age regression
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applications of hypnosis
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remove: pain, bad habits, post surgery recovery, improve memory, therapy
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jumpy person, some percieved threat
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sensitization
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repeat exposure leads to less a response
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habituation
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agonists
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mimics effects of drugs
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antagonists
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blocks effects of drugs
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factors affecting the learning of a CR
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timing, predictability, signal strength, attention to stimulus
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second order conditioning
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responding to a stimulus that has been associated with what was desired and caused a response in the first place
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unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
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unconditioned response (UCR)
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conditioned stimulus (CS)
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conditioned response (CR)
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a response to the conditioning ends
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extinction
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learning what was previously learned again, and faster
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reconditioning
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stimulus generalization
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generalizing a fear to the CS
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stimulus discrimination
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opposite of generalization
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law of effect
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less likely to repeat a behavior when one is punished, more likely to repeat a behavior when one is rewarded
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positve reinforcement
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something positive is offered for positive
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negative reinforcement
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something negative is removed for a positive response
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escape conditioning
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*faking sick at a really bad date
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avoidance conditioning
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*avoid seeing the person/being in a undesireable situation
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shaping
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changing a person's behavior through reinforcement
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primary reinforcement
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has real value, *dog treat
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secondary reinforcement
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gained value through classical conditioning, expands power of operant conditioning, *verbal praise to a dog
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assimilation
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same concept (schemas) for something new, *zebra and horse are the same because they look alike
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accomadation
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different concept for something new, new schemas, *zebra is a zebra and not a horse even though they look alike
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synthesia
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multiple sensory output... smelling and seeing things together
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absolute thresholds
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at least 50%
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obson
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cones
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redobson
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rods
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computational theory
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sensory information in, adds up.. bottom up
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ecological theory
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doesn't matter how it is veiwed
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Weber's Law
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doubling the weight is the only way that one will psychologically be aware of a change
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accomodation, visually
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eye muscles bend
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interposition
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someone/something in the visual field in front of the object/person trying to be seen
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depressants
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reduce activity in the central nervous system
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alcohol
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enhances effects of endorphins (pain)... effects dopamine levels (pleasure & reward)
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barbiturates
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downers, sleeping pills... causes relaxation, loss of muscle coordination, etc.
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GHB
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increased sex drive, elation, relaxation
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stimulants
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speed up nervous system activity
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amphetamines
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uppers, speed, increase release/decrease removal of norepinephrine and dopamine
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cocaine
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increase norepenephrine, dopamine... decreases GABA.. stimulates self confidence, well-being, optimism... brings nausea, insomnia, paranoia, depressive crashes, siezures, sex dysfunction
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caffeine
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reduces drowsiness, enhances cognitive performance,... tremors and axiety
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nicotene
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stimulates ANS (autonomic) enhances acteylcholine, increases glutamate.. improved memory and attention
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MDMA
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ecstasy.. energy, sex drive, sense of well-being... visual halucinations, hyperactivity, lockjaw
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opiates
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induce sleep, relieve pain
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hallucinogens
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alter aspects of emotion, perception, thought
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LSD
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unclear, unpredictable effects... short term memory loss, nightmares, paranoia, panic attacks, flashbacks
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ketamine ("special K")
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eases animal pains, out of body, near death experiences, memory, amnesia
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marijuana
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creates restlessness, hilarity, dreamlike states, food cravings
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