Psya1 - Research Methods

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Experiment method - definition

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Assesses a cause and effect relationship. Involving the researcher directly manipulating the I.V.

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Laboratory experiment - definition

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The manipulation of an independent variable that takes place in a setting or conditions that allows for the careful control of confounding variables.

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Laboratory experiment - advantages

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.Researchers can easily replicate studies conducted by other researchers.

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Laboratory experiment - disadvantages

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.Can be artificial and different from real life situations.

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Field experiment - definition

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.Researcher manipulates an I.V. in a controlled but 'real' situation.

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Field experiment - advantages

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.Lower risk of demand characteristics, less aware of taking part so therefore behave naturally.

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Field experiment - disadvantages

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.Replication is more difficult and results can't be generalised to all real-life situations.

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Natural experiment - definition

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.Researcher does not manipulate an IV but takes advantage of a naturally occuring IV.

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Natural experiment - advantages

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.The researcher does not intervene directly in the research situation so realism may be higher.

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Natural experiement - disadvantages

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.The naturally occuring behaviour being investigated may occur rarely.

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Operationalisation - definition

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Independent variable - definition

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Dependent variable - defintion

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Extraneous variable - defintion

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Correlational Study - definition

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.researcher examines relationship between two co variables

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Correlational Study - advantages

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.provides valuable information on the strength of then relationship Between the co variables

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Corelational Study - disavantages

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.cant assess non linear relationships

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Observations - Definition

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.researcher records behaviour being exhibited by participants

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Observations - advantages

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.can be used when experimentation is appropriate eg, funerals

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Observations - disadvantages

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.replication may be difficult due to differences in naturalistic settings

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Behavioural categories - definition

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Front 22

Questionnaires - definition

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.range of questions asked to many people this can be done through a sheet of questions or face to face

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Questionnaires - advantages

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.data can be collected from a large groups of participants more quickly than Interviewing them

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Questionnaires - disadvantages

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.no guarantee that participants are telling the truth

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Interviews - definition

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.face to face interview where the researcher may ask the participants range of questions

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Interviews - advantages

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.participants can ask for clarification of a question if they are unsure of its meaning

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Interviews - disadvantages

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.more times consuming to complete than a questionnaire

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Closed questions - defintion

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Closed questions - advantage and disadvantage

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Open questions - defintion

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Open questions - advantage and disadvantage

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Case Study - definition

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.an in depth exploration of the behaviour and experience of an individual, who is usually unique

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Case Study - advantages

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.collect data from individuals who have experienced situations which would be unethical to manipulate

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Case Study - Disadvantages

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.'unique' experiences of one person may have little or no application on the lives of others.

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Aim - definition

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Hypothesis - defintion

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Directional Hypothesis - defintion and example

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Non-directional Hypothesis - defintion and example

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Independent Groups - explanation

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.this involves using different participants randomly allocated to each condition

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Independent Groups - advantages

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.more people offer their opinions

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Independent Groups - disadvantages

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.would need more participants for this

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Repeated Measures - explanation

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.this involves using the same participants in each condition of an experiment

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Repeated Measures - advantages

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.same people used so more valid results for each condition a and b

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Repeated Measures - disadvantages

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.could also be less valid because participants get bored of doing the similar thing in condition a and b

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Matched Pairs - explanation

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.this involves using different but similar participants in each condition

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Matched Pairs - advantages

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Matched Pairs - disadvantages

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.one group may be better than the other

Front 48

Random Sampling - definition and method

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.each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected. Method - this may be done from choosing names from a hat and no one has a greater chance of being picked than any other

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Random Sampling - advantages and disadvantages

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.adv - unbiased as everyone has an equal chance and researcher doesn't intervene. Dis - selected sample could be biased because more of one sub - group than another.

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Opportunity Sampling - definition and method

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.those easily available are selected

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Opportunity Sampling - advantage and disadvantage

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.Adv-by using the easiest to find the sample tends to be quite quick to locate than another sampling technique. Dis - sample likely to be biased

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BPS Code of Ethics - description

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.guidelines set out by the governing body.

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Ethical Issue - definition

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Confidentiality - definition of issue and way of dealing with it

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Observation - definition of issue and way of dealing with it

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Withdrawl - definition of issue and way of dealing with it

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Deception - definition of issue and way of dealing with it

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Informed Consent- definition of issue and way of dealing with it

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Front 59

Protection from physical harm - definition of issue and way of dealing with it

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Protection from psychological harm - definition of issue and way of dealing with it

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Front 61

Reliability - defintion

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.the consistency of a test or of an observer

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Internal relaibility - defintion

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.whether a test is consistently measuring

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External reliability - definition

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.findinga over research are found to be similar over time

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Validity - definition

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Internal validity - definition

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External validity - definition

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Front 67

Demand Characteristics - definition

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Investigator Effects - definition

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Front 69

Pilot Study - definition

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MOCT - Mean - defintion

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Front 71

MOCT - Mean - advantage and disadvantage

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Front 72

MOCT - Median - definition

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MOCT - Median - advantage and disadvantage

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MOCT - Mode - definition

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MOCT - Mode - advantage and disadvantage

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Front 76

Range - definition

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Range - advantage and disadvantage

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Front 78

Standard Deviation - definition

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Standard Deviation - advantage and disadvantage

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Positive correlation - definition

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Negative correlation - definition

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Front 82

Correlation coefficient - definition

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Front 83

Bar chart - definition

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Bar chart - advantage and disadvantage

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Histogram/Line Graph - definition

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Histogram/Line Graph - advantage and disadvantage

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Front 87

Scattergram - definition

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Scattergram - advantage and disadvantage

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Qualitative Data - definition

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Content Analysis - definition

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Content Analysis - advantage and disadvantage

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Content Analysis - processes involved in...

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Front 93

Volunteer Sample - Definition and method

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Volunteer Sample - advantage and disadvantage

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