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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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LD Vignette, part 1
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• Drunk, fell down stairs, CT scan, bleeding & swelling
• Craniotomy x 2 • Eval results: normal except verbal memory and attention • Lost job, relationship, easily frustrated, lost sense of taste/smell • MRI showed diffuse damage on both sides of the brain |
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What is Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF)
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salty fluid that cushions the brain
helps remove metabolic waste |
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TBI
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Traumatic Brain Injury
• 1.4 million US residents/year • 235,000 hospitalized, 50,000 die |
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Components of the cerebral cortex
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gryi- folds/bumps
sulci- creases/cracks fissures= large sulci |
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LD Vignette, part 2
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Friends and family thought he was mostly recovered. Although MRI & CT showed diffuse damage, he was able to do numerous things well.
• But, difficulty with memory and attention (executive function) • Can play golf well, but can only deal with one act at a time. |
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longitudinal fissure
lateral fissure |
longituinal: divides into 2 hemispheres (front to back)
lateral fissure: divides into 2 halves (top from bottom) |
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The Brain Hypothesis
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• Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
• Cerebral Cortex - "bark" in Latin • Corpus callosum: connects the hemispheres • Brain stem: - connected to spinal cord • Spinal cord |
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corpus collosum
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connects the hemispheres
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Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
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- Tube of salty fluid that cushions brain
- Helps remove metabolic waste |
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brain stem
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connected to spinal cord
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Cerebral Cortex - "bark" in Latin
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• Gyri: folds/bumps
• Sulci: creases/cracks - Fissures = large sulci • Longitudinal Fissure: divides two hemispheres • Lateral Fissure: divides hemisphere into halves |
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what does the Central Nervous System (CNS) contain?
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brain & Spinal cord
*connected to body through nerve fibers |
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Corpus callosum:
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Connects the hemispheres
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What is the peripheral Nervous system (PNS)?
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pathways of the fibers and made up of somatic nervous system and autonomous nervous system
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Brain stem
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Connected to spinal cord
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What is the Somatic Nervous system?
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Makes up the PNS.
*Sensory pathways that carry messages for sensory systems (smell, touch, vision, hearing) *Motor Pathways: fibers that connect brain and spinal cord to muscles (limbs, eyes) |
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The Nervous System
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Nervous System -
CNS: Brain & Spinal Cord PNS: Somatic Nervous System & Autonomic Nervous System |
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what is the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?
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Part of PNS. Sensory and motor pathways that regulate heart, stomach, breathing.
automatic functions |
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CNS - Brain & Spinal Cord
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• Connected to body through nerve fibers - carry info away from and to the CNS
• Fibers connected to sensory receptors - skin, organs, muscles |
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Broca's Apashia
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damage to anterior region of brain
can't articulate words but can understand language frequently associated with right side paralysis |
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PNS = pathways of these fibers
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• Somatic Nervous System (SNS)
- Sensory pathways: fibers that carry messages for sensory systems (hearing, vision, touch, smell) • Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) - Sensory and motor pathways involved in regulation of heart, stomach, diaphragm |
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Wernicke's theory
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relationship between hearing and speech
damage in temporal gyrus no opposite side paralysis sound first goes into werinckes area and hen Broca's |
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Phrenology
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Relation between the skull's surface features and person's abilities
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Wernickes syndrome/temporal lobe aphasia
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patients can hear but can't understand nor repeat what was said to them
No language comprehension but can speak word salad |
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Localization of Brain Function
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• Gall & Spurzheim (1800's)
• Proposed that cortex and gyri are part of the brain - not just a cover - and are part of brain functioning • Discovered relevance of corticospinal motor tract, connection of brain hemispheres by corpus callosum • Localization of function theory: related individual differences to features of the head and skull |
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travel path of auditory info
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Wernickes area (sound precessed into audio images and stores)->arcuate fascicles--> Brocas area--> neural instructions sent to muscles (control mouth to create sounds)
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Localization & Lateralization of Language - Bouillaud
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Jean Baptiste Bouillaud (1796-1881)
• Argued that speech localized in frontal lobes - specifically the left hemisphere - case study examples - lesions in left hemisphere > speech disorders |
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What is the arcuate pathways?
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Connection between Wernickes and Broca's area
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Localization & Lateralization of Language - Broca (KNOW THIS)
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Paul Broca (1824-1880)
• "Tan" - patient lost speech and had paralysis on right side of body - otherwise intelligent and and normal presentation • 8 more patients with similar lesions in left frontal region • Anterior speech region of brain = Broca's Area (see slide for location) • Broca's Aphasia = syndrome that results from damage to this area - Cannot articulate words, but can understand language - Frequently associated with right side paralysis |
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What is conduction Aphasia?
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speech sounds and movements are retrained and can comprehend words but speech is impaired b/c they can't judge the sense of the words.
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Sequential Programming and Disconnection:
Carl Wernicke (1848 - 1904) (KNOW THIS) |
Proposed relationship between hearing and speech
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What is Alexia?
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Loss of ability to read b.c of disconnect btwn visual area do the brain and wernickes area
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Sequential Programming and Disconnection:
Auditory Cortex |
Sensory pathway from the ear
• Located in the temporal lobe - behind Broca's area |
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What is Apraxia?
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inability to make sequence of movements
disconnection fo motor areas from sensory areas |
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Sequential Programming and Disconnection:
Lesions in this auditory projection area = (KNOW THIS) |
1. Damage evident in first temporal gyrus
2. No opposite-side paralysis observed 3. Patients can speak fluently, but words are confused and do not make sense - "word salad" 4. Patients can hear, but can not understand nor repeat what was said to them |
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Hominids
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humanlike ancestors
taller, good travelers, similar height btwn males and females, bipedal, advanced hand structure brain increased 3x original size |
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Sequential Programming and Disconnection:
Temporal lobe is also involved in: |
Language
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Why study nonhuman animals?
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1. understand brain mechanisms
2. research animals can substitute for humans. EX: parkinsons disease models...L-Dopa was discovered though studying rats 3. describe evolutionary adaptations- insight to evolution and change over time |
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Sequential Programming and Disconnection:
Wernicke's area - |
Area associated with this area
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4 steps leading from common ancestor with chimp to modern humans
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1. upright posture in which hands were free
2. extensive tool use 3. traveling lifestyle 4. elaborate culture |
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The Origin of Larger brains (theory by Dean Falk)
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skull hule changes led to increased blood flow--> brain growth.
continued increase in brain size related to told use, developing culture, competition etc. cortex increased the most |
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Sequential Programming and Disconnection:
Wernicke also found that - |
Auditory information travels from ear to temporal lobe
- > Wernike's area (sounds processed into auditory images and stored) > arcuate fasciculus > Broca's area (representations of speech movements stored) > neural instructions sent to muscles (control mouth to create sounds) |
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specific function of each area of brain:
Frontal Parietal Temporal Occipital |
Frontal- movement
Parietal-body senses Temporal-audition Occipital-vision |
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Disconnection Syndromes
What if the arcuate fibers connecting both areas are cut? |
- Conduction Aphasia
- Alexia - Apraxia - Demonstrates that brain is interdependent |
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Conduction Aphasia
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Disconnection syndrome
• Speech sounds and movements are retained as well as comprehension, but speech is still impaired because person cannot judge the sense of the words • Problems producing spontaneous speech as well as repeating speech - sometimes use words incorrectly • Can understand words they hear or see - can hear own errors, but cannot correct errors |
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Alexia
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Loss of ability to read = disconnection between visual area of the brain and Wernicke's area
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Apraxia
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Inability to make sequences of movements
• Disconnection of motor areas from sensory area |
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Origins of the Human Brain and Behavior:
Primates |
• Excellent color vision, depth perception
• Females usually only produce one infant per pregnancy |
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Origins of the Human Brain and Behavior:
Hominids |
• 5-8 million years - humanlike ancestors
• Divergence from ape lineage • Taller, height similar between males and females, BIPEDAL, good travelers • Advanced hand structure > use of tools • Change in tooth structure > varied diets • Brain increased 3x original size |
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Why Study Nonhuman Animals?
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• Can inform knowledge about human brain and evolution
• Examples: - Rat: complex and similar to human brain - Slugs: how neurons interconnect - Fruit flies: genetic basis of behavior |
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Questions addressed by studying nonhuman animals:
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1. Understanding Brain Mechanisms
2. Designing Animal Models • Neurological disorders • Research animals can substitute for humans • Parkinson's example 3. Describing Evolutionary Adaptations • Comparison of mammalian brain and bx • Experiments ......... |
