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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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nature vs. nurture issue
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the degree to which genetic or hereditary influences (nature) and experiential or environmental influences (nurture) determine the kind of person you are; mutually interactive influences
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Chapter 1 : core issues
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stability-change issue
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the degree to which people remain the same over time
stability essential to recognize that one (and others) is the same individual over time, however, we like to believe we can change ourselves if we so desire gerontologists: depends on personal aspect being considered and theoretical perspective one is adopting |
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continuity-discontinuity issue
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3rd major issue; derivative of stability-change; concerns whether a particular developmental phenomenon represents a smooth progression over time (continuity; amount of characteristic) or a series of abrupt shifts (discontinuity; types/kinds characteristics; adaptivity)
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plasticity
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belief that capacity is not fixed, but can be learned or improved with practice; adaptability to change while aging
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universal vs. context-specific development
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concerns whether there is just one path of development or several
adult development and aging must be understood within the contexts in which they occur; can be different or similar in general trends |
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reliability
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provides consistent index of behavior or topic of interest; consistent estimate of performance each time administered..without reliability - can't be used
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Chapter 1: Research methods, pg. 20
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validity
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measures what researches think it measures; closely related to another measure known to be valid
can be reliable, but not valid - must ensure measures are BOTH. |
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types of measures
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systematic observation, sampling, self-reports, representative sampling
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types of research methods
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experimental design, correlational design, case study
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designs for studying development
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age, cohort, and time of measurement; cross-sectional designs, longitudinal, sequential
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systematic observation; 2 types
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a type of measurement involving watching people and carefully recording what they do
naturalistic observation: real-life situation structured observation: researcher creates a setting --> elicit behavior of interest |
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sampling & representative sampling
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create tasks thought to sample behavior of interest
rep: sample of a specific population |
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self-reports
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people's answer to questions about a topic of interest; questionnaire, interview
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experimental study
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participants randomly assigned to experimental and control groups and in which an independent variable is manipulated to observe its effects on a dependent variable so that cause-effect relations can be established
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correlational study
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an investigation in which the strength of association between variables is examined
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case studies
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an intensive investigation of individual people
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age effects
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reflects the influence of time-dependent processes on development
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one of three fundamental effects examined in developmental research
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cohort effects
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reflects differences caused by experiences and circumstances unique to the historical time in which one lives
eg. generation, baby boomers, historical or personal events (war, college) |
one of three fundamental effects examined in developmental research
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time of measurement effects
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result from the time at which the data are collected
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one of three fundamental effects examined in developmental research
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cross-sectional design
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a developmental research design in which people of different ages and cohorts are observed at one time of measurement to obtain information about age differences
limitations: learn nothing about continuity of development cohort effects confounded in this type of research (cause of resulted behavior cannot be determined) |
type of developmental research
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longitudinal design
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measures one cohort over two or more times of measurement to examine age changes
indiv. tested repeatedly throughout life; lengthwise account of development limit: dropouts, apply results to other groups, practice effects, |
type of developmental research
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sequential design
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combination of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies
limit: costly |
type of developmental research
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changes in skin hair and voice
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wrinkles (skin thinner due to cell loss, collagen fibers lose flexibility, loss of fibers- sagging); ultraviolet rays from sun (breaks down skin connective tissue), and smoking (restricts blood flow)
hair - thinning and graying (follicles destruction, cessation of pigment production) voice: larynx box, respiratory system, and muscles controlling speech; or also said to be poor health and not part of normal aging |
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changes in body build
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a decrease in height and fluctuations in weight
mid 50's and 70's - 1 inch men, 2 inch women (compression of spine, loss of bone strength, posture) weight - 20's-late 50's, metabolism slows down with age, reduction of exercise does not help keeping these both in "normal" ranges may help you live longer |
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changes in mobility
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muscle endurance diminishes with age ( no difference b/w men and women )
bone loss begins late 30's -> 50's, slows back down by 70's (women lose bone mass 2x as fast as men) |
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Vision
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less light passing through eye (hard to see in dark, and adjust to glares), lens become more yellow (decrease ability to focus and adjust -->presbyopia
diseases: cataracts (affects light passage, requires surgery), glaucoma (loss of vision; requires eye drops) retinal: QQQQQQ |
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