Psy3051 - Perception - Chpt 5&6 - Perceiving Objects & Scenes & Attention

Front 1

What is the inverse projection problem?

Back 1

the fact that a particular image on the retina can be created by many different objects

Front 2

How do humans commonly solve the inverse projection problem?

Back 2

By moving to different viewpoints

Front 3

What are the three main challenges of object perception?

Back 3

1. Inverse projection problem
2. Objects can be hidden or blurred
3. Objects look different from different viewpoints

Front 4

What is viewpoint invariance?

Back 4

the ability to recognise an object regardless of viewpoints

Front 5

What did the Structuralist approach established by Wilhelm Wundt assert about perception?

Back 5

perceptions are a created by elements called sensations

Front 6

What phenomena inspired Wertheimer to found Gestalt Psychology? describe it.

Back 6

Apparent Movement - two stationary stimuli flashing on and off with impecable timing but no real movement

Front 7

What are the nine gestalt laws of perceptual organisation?

Back 7

1. Pragnanz
2. Similiarity
3. Good continuation
4. Proximity
5. Common region
6. Uniform connectedness
7. Syncrony
8. Common fate
9. Meaningfulness or familiarity

Front 8

What is the gestalt law of praganz?

Back 8

Every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible

Front 9

What is the gestalt law of similarity?

Back 9

Similar things appear to be groupe together

Front 10

What is the gestalt law of Good Continuation?

Back 10

Points that, when connected, result in straight or smoothly curving lines are seen as belonging together , and the lines tend to be seen in such a way as to follow the smoothest path

Front 11

What is the Gestalt law of proximity?

Back 11

things that are near to each other appear to be grouped together

Front 12

What is the gestalt law of common region?

Back 12

elements that are within the same region of space appear to be grouped together

Front 13

What is the gestalt law of uniform connectedness?

Back 13

a connected region of visual properties, such as lightness, colour, texture, or motion, is perceived as a single unit

Front 14

What is the gestalt law of syncrony?

Back 14

visual events that occur at the same time are perceived as belonging together

Front 15

What is the gestalt law of common fate?

Back 15

things that are moving int he same direction appear to be grouped together

Front 16

What is the gestalt law of meaningfulness or familiarity?

Back 16

things that form patterns that are familiar or meaningful are likely to become grouped together

Front 17

What is perceptual segregation?

Back 17

the perceptual separation of one object from another

Front 18

What often causes perception segregation problems?

Back 18

problem of figure-ground segregation

Front 19

What are the 4 main properties of the figure and ground?

Back 19

1. The figure is more 'thinglike' and more memorable than the ground
2. The figure is seen as being in front of the ground
3. The ground is seen as unformed material and seems to extend behind the figure
4. The figure has border ownership

Front 20

What is border ownership in the figure-ground problem?

Back 20

border ownership means that although the figure and ground share a contour the border is associated with the figure

Front 21

What are the 4 main factors that determine which area is a figure?

Back 21

1. symmetry
2. smaller area
3. vertical or horizontal areas
4. meaningfulness

Front 22

What is a better name for the gestalt laws and why is it better?

Back 22

gestalt heuristic because the laws are a rule of thumb and do not always result in a correct solution everytime

Front 23

A scene is a view of the real world environment containing what two 2 descriptors?

Back 23

1. background elements
2. multiple objects in the foreground that are organised in a meaningful way relative to each other and the background

Front 24

What is the general description of a type of scene known as?

Back 24

the gist of a scene

Front 25

How long does the perception of a stimulus persist for? What is this phenomenon called?

Back 25

250ms
Persistence of vision

Front 26

How can we eliminate the persistence of vision?

Back 26

use a masking stimulus wich is usually a pattern of randomly oriented lines, immediately after the presentation of a picture

Front 27

What concept allows us to perceive the gist of a scene rapidly and what are the 5 features of this concept?

Back 27

global image features
1. degree of naturalness
2, degree of openness
3. degree of roughness
4. degree of expansion
5. color

Front 28

What are regularities in the environment?

Back 28

they are characteristics of the environment which occur frequently that we have been exposed to in the past.

Front 29

What are the two types of regularities in the environment?

Back 29

1. physical regularities
2. semantic regularities

Front 30

The oblique effect, gestalt heuristics and the light from above heuristics all combine to form what?

Back 30

Physical regularities in the environment

Front 31

In perceiving a scene what does semantic regularity mean?

Back 31

the meaning of a scene

Front 32

The characteristics associated with the functions carried out in different types of scenes are known as what?

Back 32

semantic regularities

Front 33

Which theory states that some of our perceptions are the result of unconscious assumptions we make about the environment?

Back 33

theory of unconscious inference

Front 34

What demonstration exemplifies the theory of unconscious inference?

Back 34

Blue and red paper overlapping, we assume the background pive is whole but it may be a carefully placed cut out

Front 35

Define the likelihood principle.

Back 35

states that we perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received

Front 36

What do Bayesian inferences account for?

Back 36

the probability of something occurring, it is statistic based reasoning

Front 37

Explain contextual modulation.

Back 37

When a neuron that normally fires on response to a stimuli fires less because it appears within a context/scene which reduces its sensitivity to the stimulus

Front 38

Int he example of slanted lines used to explain contextual modulation, what also affected the neurons firing rate?

Back 38

it fired at maximum to left slanted lines but only when they appeared in the foreground of the scene.

Front 39

What is the process by which features such as color, form, motion, and location are combined to create our perception of a coherent object?

Back 39

Binding

Front 40

Attending to an object brings it into the what?

Back 40

foreground

Front 41

What is the binding problem?

Back 41

features of objects are processed separately in different areas of the brain

Front 42

What does feature integration theory assign a central role to in the solution of the binding problem?

Back 42

attention

Front 43

What are the two stages of feature integration theory?

Back 43

1. Preattentive - does not depend on attention
2. focussed attention stage - depends on attention

Front 44

What does the feature integration theory attempt to solve?

Back 44

the binding problem

Front 45

What happens during the pre-attentive stage of feature integration theory?

Back 45

Rapidly and mostly unconsciously we break the object down into features such as color, orientation, and location.

Front 46

What happens during the focussed attention stage of feature integration theory?

Back 46

attention on the object causes the features to be recombined so we perceive the object as a whole object and not individual features.

Front 47

Binding only occurs when we do what?

Back 47

pay attention

Front 48

Attention is the glue between which two streams?

Back 48

what and where

Front 49

What is an illusory conjunction?

Back 49

when features that should be associated with an object become incorrectly glued with another object

Front 50

Give an example of a illusory conjunction?

Back 50

a person who thinks they saw a bald headed man with a beard but who actually saw two men, one with a bald head and another with a beard.

Front 51

Describe the experiment by Triesman & Schmidt evidence illusory conjunctions.

Back 51

observers told to report numbers first followed by shapes at four locations, a stimulus of four coloured shaped flanked by two numbers briefly flashed, followed by a mask.
Results showed that incorrect associations of features with shapes occurred 18% of the time, but this effect was eliminated with the observers were told to focus on the shapes.

Front 52

What is Balints syndrome?

Back 52

inability to focus attention on individual objects and therefore patients report illusory conjunctions

Front 53

Patient R.M. had damage to which part of his brain and what was the consequence of this damage?

Back 53

the parietal lobe resulting in an inability to focus attention causing illusory conjunctions

Front 54

What is a visual search?

Back 54

something we do when we look for an object among a number of other objects.

Front 55

Why did R.M. and people with balints syndrome have trouble conducting a conjunction search but no trouble conducting a search for one feature?

Back 55

because you have to hold the location of one feature in mind to then find the conjunction of the second feature. This requires the where stream in the parietal lobe which is damaged in R.M. and people with balints syndrome