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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How is an acoustic signal produced?
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by air that is pushed up through the lungs through the vocal cords and into the vocal tract
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How is the shape of the vocal tract altered?
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by moving the articulators
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What are articulators?
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the tongue, lips, teeth, jaw, and soft palate
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The sounds that is produced depends on what?
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the shape of the vocal tract as air moves through it.
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How are vowels produced?
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by the vibration of the vocal cords, and the specific sound of each vowel are created by changing the overall shape of the vocal tract
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How are consonants produced?
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by the constriction or closing of the vocal tract
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What are formants?
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changes in the resonant frequency of the vocal tract that produce peaks in pressure at a number or frequencies
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What indicates the pattern of frequencies and intensities over time that make up the acoustic signal?
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Sound Spectrum
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In a vowel which formant has the lowest frequency?
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the first formant
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What are rapid shifts in frequency preceding or following formants?
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format transitions
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Format transitions are frequency between what two things?
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vowels and consonants
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In a spectrogram what is on the vertical and horizontal axis?
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vertical in frequency
horizontal is time |
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What do dark areas on a spectrogram indicate?
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intensity
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Formants are concentrations of what at a specific frequency?
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energy
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What do dark horizontal bands across the spectrogram represent?
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the formants that make up a sound
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What is the most basic unit of speech?
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phoneme
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What is the shortest-segment of speech sound?
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phoneme
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Changes in a phoneme can change what about a word?
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its meaning
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How many phonemes in the english language? How many are vowels/consonants?
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47 phonemes
13 major vowel sounds 24 major consonant sounds |
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How many phonemes in hawaiian and some african dialects?
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Hawaiian 11
African 60 |
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Phonemes create what that combine to create words?
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syllables
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The context can change what about a phoneme?
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the acoustic signal associated with it
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What is the variability in speech problem?
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there is no simple correspondence between the acoustic signal and the individual phonemes
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the overlap between articulation of neighbouring phonemes is known as what?
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coarticulation
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what is an example of coarticulation?
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the way we say the 'b' in bat is different to how we form the 'b' in boat
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What principle maintains the sound of the phoneme in the event of coarticulation?
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perceptual constancy
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What is perceptual constancy?
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when we perceive the sound of a particular phoneme as constant even when the phoneme appears in different contexts that change its acoustic signal
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What are the two ways that phonemes are varied?
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1. context
2. different speakers |
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What effect can a variation inherent to the speaker have on a particular phoneme or word?
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change its acoustic signal
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What is categorical perception?
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the perception of a limited number of sound categories even though there is a wide range of acoustic sounds
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The time delay between when a sound begins and when the vocal cords begin vibrating is known as what?
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voice onset time (VOT)
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what do vertical stripes on a sprectrogram represent?
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vocal cord vibrations
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what is a phonetic boundary?
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the point at which a change in VOT causes a change in phonetic perception
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In the example of the phonetic boundary of /da and /ta what was adjusted to 40 ms before the perception of /da become /ta?
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VOT
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The fact that stumuli on the same side of the phonetic boundary are perceived as the same even though the VOT has changed is an example of what concept?
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perceptual constancy
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What is meant by the proposal that speech perception is multi modal?
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that perception of speech can be influenced by a number of different senses
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What is the McGurk effect?
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where the visual stimulus shows a speaker saying "ga-ga" but the auditory stimulus is "ba-ba" but the observer who listens and watches perceives the sounds as "da-da"
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What does the McGurk effect illustrate?
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that although the auditory information is the major source of information for speech perception, visual information can also exert a strong influence on what we hear
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what is the influence of vision on speech perception?
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audiovisual speech perception
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How did Calvert et al show that the link between vision and speech has a physiological basis?
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using fMRI showed the same brain regions were activated for lip reading and speech perception
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When people hear voices that they associate with a specific or familiar person this activates what that is not activated when unfamiliar people are heard?
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the FFA (fusiform face area)
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Listening to speech activates what areas of the cortex?
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superior temporal sulcus
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What enhances a listener's ability to recognise phonemes?
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a meaningful context
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What happened in the experiment by Rubin were short real words and non words were presented to listeners and the task was to press a button when '/b' was heard? What did this demonstrate?
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faster reactions times when /b formed part of a real word, illustrating how context effects the perception of phonemes
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What is the phonemic restoration effect?
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when a missing phoneme in a real word is not perceived by the listener
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In Warren's phoneme restoration experiment demonstrating the phoneme restoration effect what happened when phoneme was missing in a non-word?, and could the listener correctly identify the position of the missing phoneme in the real words?
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there was no phoneme restoration
the listener could not correctly identify the location of the missing phoneme |
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What did Samuel discover using white noise to demonstrate the phoneme restoration effect?
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if the white noise masking the phoneme is similar in frequency then we are more likely to restore the phoneme, but not if it is vastly different. This demonstrated both bottom-up and top-down processing
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What experiment showed that perception of words in influenced by the sentence in which they occur?
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Miller and Isard presented three stimuli, grammatical, anomalous and ungrammatical sentence. Peopel were more accurate in shadowing the grammatical sentences followed by the anomalous, this effect was worsened when noise was introduced.
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When words are arranged in a meaningful pattern we can do what?
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perceive them more easily
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What is the perception of individual words in a conversation know as?
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speech segmentation
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What do not exist in conversational speech them to exist?
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breaks between words
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The learning of transitional probabilities and about other characteristics about language is called what?
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statistical learning
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What are transitional probabilities?
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the way sounds follow one another is language
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In the experiment by Saffren using infants and continuous words what was established?
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infants are capable of statistical learning of transitional probabilities
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How did Saffren measure if infants uses transitional probabilities?
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He measured the the attention of the infant to the part-words which were new stimuli that to the whole-words
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The characteristics of the speaker's voice such as age, gender, emotional state, and level of seriousness etc are know as what?
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Indexical Characteristics
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what did the experiment by Palmeri et al show when required to indicate the introduction of new words in a list of words read by the same or different speakers?
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listeners were much faster if the same speaker was used for all words indicating that listeners were taking in characteristics of the speakers voice as well as the words
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What is Broca's aphasia?
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when individuals have damage in the frontal lobe and show laboured or stilted speech and short sentence but understand others
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Broca's aphasia affects a persons ability to do what?
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produce speech
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What is Wernicke's aphasia?
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when individuals have damage in Wernicke's areas in the temporal lobe, can speak fluently but the content is disorganised and have difficulty understanding others.
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Wernicke's aphasia affects a persons ability to do what?
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comprehend speech
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What is word deafness and what condition is it associated with?
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when a perosn cannot recognise words, even though there ability to hear pure tones is in tact.
It is associated with Wernicke's aphasia |
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In the dual-stream model of speech perception what are the ventral and dorsal streams responsible for?
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Ventral is responsible recognising speech
Dorsal is responsible for producing speech |
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when does the ventral stream of speech perception begin?
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in the temporal lobe
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where does the dorsal stream of speech perception begin?
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in the parietal lobe
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What can infants under one differentiate between?
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all sounds that create all languages
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Experience dependent plasticity suggests that the brain becomes tuned to what?
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respond best to speech sounds that are int eh environment
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The ability to differentiate sounds disappears when what happens?
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there is no reinforcement in the environment
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