Psy3051 - Perception - Chpt 10 - Perceiving Depth And Size

Front 1

What is the main approach to depth perception?

Back 1

The cue approach

Front 2

What does the cue approach to depth perception focus on?

Back 2

identifying information in the retinal image that is correlated with depth of the scene

Front 3

What is occlusion?

Back 3

it is a signal, or cue, that an object is in from of another

Front 4

What are the three types of depth cues?

Back 4

1. Oculomotor
2. Monocular
3. Binocular

Front 5

Cues based on our ability to sense the position of our eyes and the tension in our eye muscles are known and what?

Back 5

oculomotor cues

Front 6

Cues that work with one eye are known as what?

Back 6

monocular cues

Front 7

Cues that work with both eyes are known as what?

Back 7

binocular cues

Front 8

What are the 2 oculomotor cues?

Back 8

1. ocular convergence - inward movement of the eyes when we focus on nearby objects
2. accommodation - the change in the shape of the lens at that occurs when we focus on objects at various distances

Front 9

What are the two broad categories of monocular cues?

Back 9

pictorial and movement-produced cues

Front 10

What are the eight types of pictorial cues?

Back 10

1. Occlusion
2. Relative height
3. Relative size
4. Perspective convergence
5. Familiar size
6. Atmospheric pressure
7. Texture gradient
8. Shadows

Front 11

What sort of distance does occlusion indicate?

Back 11

relative distance

Front 12

Explain the monocular cue of relative height?

Back 12

- objects are categorised as above and below the horizon.
- objects above the horizon but lower in view indicates more distance
- objects below the horizon but higher in view are seen as more distant

Front 13

Explain the monocular cue of relative size?

Back 13

when objects are equal size, the closer one will take up more of the visual field.

Front 14

When parallel lines appear to converge this is known as what?

Back 14

perspective convergence

Front 15

What type of pictorial cue offers distance information based on existing knowledge of object size?

Back 15

Familiar size

Front 16

Explain the monocular cue of atmospheric perspective.

Back 16

distance objects are fuzzy and have a blue tint because of all the air and particles in the way

Front 17

What type of pictorial cue offers distance information based on equal spaced elements looking more closely packed as distance increases?

Back 17

Texture gradient

Front 18

Shadows that are associated with objects can provide what sort of information?

Back 18

the location and depth of the object

Front 19

What are the two types of motion-produced cues?

Back 19

1. Motion parallax
2. Deletion and accretion

Front 20

What is it called when close objects in direction of movement glide rapidly past but objects in the distance appear to move slowly?

Back 20

Motion parallax

Front 21

What is it when objects are covered or uncovered as we move relative to them?

Back 21

deletion - covered or accretion - uncovered

Front 22

What is binocular disparity?

Back 22

the difference in images from in the two eyes

Front 23

What are corresponding retinal points?

Back 23

place on the retina that would overlap if the one retina could be slid on top of the other one

Front 24

What is an imaginary surface that passes through the point of fixation and indicates the location of objects that fall on the corresponding points in the two retinas?

Back 24

horopter

Front 25

What is the absolute angle of disparity?

Back 25

the difference in the angle on the retina between objects on the horopter (fixation point) and another object not on the horopter

Front 26

What is the difference between relative disparity and absolute disparity?

Back 26

absolute disparity indicates how far the object is from the horopter, relative disparity is the difference between the absolute disparity of two objects.

Front 27

What is stereopsis?

Back 27

depth information provided by binocular disparity

Front 28

What is a device which produces a convincing illusion of depth by using two slightly different pictures?

Back 28

stereoscope

Front 29

What is the correspondance problem?

Back 29

how the visual system matches the two images from both eyes which is still not known.

Front 30

What do locusts use to judge depth?

Back 30

motion parallax

Front 31

How do bats judge depth?

Back 31

echosystem

Front 32

In the experiment where monkeys matched texture gradients that were 2D pictures and 3D stereograms what what recorded int he parietal lobe?

Back 32

recording fro a neuron in the parietal lobe showed a cell that responded to pictorial cues (monocular) and a cell that responded to 3D binocular disparity

Front 33

What are binocular depth cells or disparity selective cells?

Back 33

neurons that have been found to respond best to a specific degree of absolute binocular disparity alone

Front 34

What was found to occur in kittens who were reared by alternating vision between eyes every day for 6 months?

Back 34

they had few binocular neurons and were usable to use binocular disparity

Front 35

Microstimulation of disparity-selective neurons produced what effect in monkeys who had been trained to indicate disparate depth?

Back 35

monkey shifted depth judgement to the artificially stimulated disparity

Front 36

Explain the Holway and Boring experiment regarding size perception.

Back 36

- observer sat at the intersection of two hallways
- a luminous test circle was in the right hallway place 10 to 20 feet away
- a luminous comparison circle was in the left hallway at 10 feet away
- on each trial the observer was to adjust the diameter of the test circle to match the comparison
- test stimuli had the same visual angle while size and distance were adjusted

Front 37

What did Holway and Borings experiment find?

Back 37

depth cue in the environment improved accuracy compared to retinal size cues only

Front 38

What is size constancy?

Back 38

the perception of an object stays relatively stable no matter what the viewing distance is.

Front 39

s = k(r*d) represents what?

Back 39

size-distance scaling equation - that changes in distance and retinal size balance each other

Front 40

What is Emmert's Law?

Back 40

The relationship between the apparent distance of an afterimage and its perceived size that is the further away and afterimage appears the larger it will seem

Front 41

What is Gregory's misapplied size-constancy scaling?

Back 41

where 3D cues are misapplied to 2D images

Front 42

How does misapplied-size scaling applied to the Mueller-Lyer illusion?

Back 42

Through the idea of inside and outside corners

Front 43

How does misapplied-size scaling fail to explain the Mueller-Lyer?

Back 43

because the dumbbell version has the same illusion with no corners

Front 44

What did Day propose to explain the Mueller-Lyer illusion?

Back 44

the conflicting cues theory

Front 45

Explain the conflicting cues theory.

Back 45

our perception of line length in the Mueller-Lyer depends on the actual length of the line relative to the overall length of the figure

Front 46

What is the Ponzo Illusion?

Back 46

where identically sized objects placed at different points on railroad tracks appear to be differently sized

Front 47

What is the Ames Room?

Back 47

where two people of equal size appear very different size in this room

Front 48

How is the Ames room constructed?

Back 48

it is constructed so that it looks like a normal room when viewed with one eye but the actual shape has the left corner twice as far away as the right corner.

Front 49

What are two explanation for the Ames Room illusion?

Back 49

1. size-distance scaling - observer think the room is normal and people would be at the same distance
2. Relative Size - assess the size of the woman relative to the other woman

Front 50

What is the moon illusion?

Back 50

Where the moon on the horizon appears larger than the moon when it is higher in the sky

Front 51

What is one explanation for the moon illusion?

Back 51

The apparent-distance theory - that the moon on the horizon is surrounded by depth cues while the moon is higher in the sky has none, therefore horizon moon is seen as further away that the sky and so looks bigger.