Psy3041 W7 - Group Differences & Disabilities

Front 1

What are the three reasons that IQ stabilises with age?

Back 1

1. Cumulative Nature of Intellectual Development
2. Environmental Stability
3. Prerequisite Learning Skills

Front 2

What is meant by prerequisite learning skills with reference to the stabilisation of IQ with age?

Back 2

Sequential readiness
The more they have learnt the more able they are to learn more

Front 3

What is meant by environmental stability with reference to the stabilisation of IQ with age?

Back 3

Advantages and disadvantages from the environment persist in the interval between test retest.

Front 4

What is meant by the cumulative nature of intellectual development with reference to the stabilisation of IQ with age?

Back 4

The increase in IQ stability with age due to the cumulative acquisition of knowledge.

Front 5

The shorter the interval between test retest the higher the what?

Back 5

correlation

Front 6

Bradway et al (1958) in their longitudinal study over 25 years found that correlations between 10 years old and 25 years were ____ than from 2.5/5 years old and 15 years old.

Back 6

higher

Front 7

Bradway et al.s 1958 longitudinal study was conducted to standardise which test of intelligence?

Back 7

Stanford-Binet

Front 8

What is the main confound found in longitudinal studies of intelligence?

Back 8

the stability of the environment affects the IQ scores

Front 9

What affect can an enriched environment have on IQ and maintaining IQ in older age?

Back 9

Enriched environment increase IQ and continued enrichment helps maintain IQ as we get old

Front 10

What are 4 main factors that account for individual differences in child intellectual development?

Back 10

1. change in family structure and/or change in parents SES
2. Adoption
3. sever prolonged illness or poor home conditions
4. Therapeutic, remedial or counselling programs

Front 11

Capron & Duyume's 1989 found what in their 2x2 design for adopted children?

Back 11

Children reared by high SES (enriched environment) parents had increased IQ regardless of the IQ of biological parents

Front 12

The Rochester Longitudinal Study identified 10 risk factors for lower IQ what are they?

Back 12

1. Mother history of mental illness
2. Mother did not go to high school
3. Mother has severe anxiety
4. Mother has rigid attitudes
5. Few mother-child interactions
6. Head of household in semi skilled job
7. > 4 siblings
8. Father not living at home
9. Child belongs to minority group
10. Family > 20 stressful events in child first 4 years.

Front 13

The Weschler is standardised using a what sample size, mean and standard deviation?

Back 13

500
100
15

Front 14

In the Weschler each person is standardised according to their what?

Back 14

age group

Front 15

How does age affect Verbal IQ scores and nonverbal IQ scores?

Back 15

Verbal IQ scores remain stable with age while nonverbal IQ scores show a decline

Front 16

When looking at age effects on IQ what differences emerge in the curve for cross-sectional vs longitudinal studies?

Back 16

Cross-sectional studies showed a decrease in age where longitudinal was more stable.

Front 17

Cross-sectional studies of IQ are confounded by what two main factors?

Back 17

1. culture
2. age

Front 18

What are the two main methodological issues in longitudinal studies?

Back 18

1. Practice Effects
2. Selective Attrition

Front 19

How does selective attrition affect the results in longitudinal studies of IQ?

Back 19

The type of person that remains in the study may skew the results as the reasons for staying may indicate higher IQ.

Front 20

What type of study combines cross-sectional and longitudinal studies?

Back 20

sequential designs or cohort-sequential

Front 21

What were the two main findings of the Seattle Longitudinal Study?

Back 21

1. No uniform pattern of age-related changes across ALL intellectual abilities
2. Important ability x age and ability x cohort interactions

Front 22

The Seattle Longitudinal Study revealed that cross-sectional studies overestimate what?

Back 22

declines in intellectual abilities prior to the age of 60

Front 23

What did the Seattle Longitudinal Study find when the cognitive training intervention was introduced?

Back 23

2/3 of the sample improved the intellectual ability

Front 24

What are the three types of possible explanations for the Flynn Effect?

Back 24

1. Particpant Characteristics
2. Methodological Explanations
3. Biological Explanations

Front 25

What are the participant characteristics that may contribute to the Flynn Effect?

Back 25

1. Rising level of education
2. More educational opportunities for different groups
3. Increased familiarity with IQ tests

Front 26

What methodological explanations may contribute to the Flynn Effect?

Back 26

1. Changes in measures from one sample to another
2. Change in motivation
3. Change in stimulating environments

Front 27

What are the biological explanations may contribute to the Flynn Effect?

Back 27

1. Improved nutrition
2. Less infectious diseases
3. Heterosis

Front 28

The Flynn Effect is what?

Back 28

The general trend of increasing IQ of 3 points per decade with the passing of time.

Front 29

Intellectual Giftedness is generally people with IQ greater than what?

Back 29

130

Front 30

Intellectual Disability is generally people with IQ less than what?

Back 30

70

Front 31

What are learning disabilities?

Back 31

Deficits in specific abilities such as impairments in speech, language or reading

Front 32

What are the gender differences in IQ?

Back 32

1. small but stable
2. males perform better on nonverbal performance or g factor tests
3. Women perform better in memory skills, reading and vocabulary

Front 33

The problem with the Bell Curve was not what the data showed but how it was what?

Back 33

interpreted

Front 34

The Bell Curve reported that African American students had lower intelligence test scores that White students but failed to control for what three factors?

Back 34

1. Individual scores varied considerably
2. No control for SES which affects more than race/ethnicity
3. No control for stereotype threat

Front 35

What is different in the Indigenous population IQ distribution?

Back 35

Is it shifted to the left of the distribution of non-indigenous

Front 36

The indigenous population curve did not take into account what?

Back 36

any other factors that affect IQ such as SES, parenting, schooling etc.

Front 37

Intellectual Disability was referred to as what?

Back 37

Mental Retardation

Front 38

Mental Retardation is not used anymore because it is what?

Back 38

Derogatory and Offensive

Front 39

What are the levels of intellectual disability?

Back 39

Mild 50 -70
Moderate 35 - 50
Sever 20 - 35
Profound < 20 -25

Front 40

Intellectual Disability is defined as a disability characterised by significant limitations both in intellectual functioning and in adaptive behaviour as expressed in what?

Back 40

conceptual, social and practical adaptive skills.

Front 41

A collection of conceptual, social and practical skills that people need so that they can function in their everyday lives are known as what?

Back 41

Adaptive Behaviour Sills

Front 42

Receptive & expressive language, reading & writing, money concepts and self directive skills are all examples of what?

Back 42

Adaptive conceptual behaviour skills

Front 43

Interpersonal, responsibility, self-esteem, gullibility, naivete, following rules, obeying laws & avoiding victimisation are all examples of what?

Back 43

Adaptive social behaviour skills

Front 44

Eating, dressing, mobility, toileting, taking medication, using telephone, managing transportation, doing housekeeping and maintaining a safe environment are all examples of what?

Back 44

Adaptive practical behaviour skills

Front 45

What percentage of the Australian population are considered intellectually disabled?

Back 45

2.5 to 3%

Front 46

If borderline ID is included in the estimate of Australian with an ID then the estimate rises to what percentage?

Back 46

6.5 to 7%

Front 47

Mildly intellectually disabled children are often what until adolescence?

Back 47

indistinguishable

Front 48

What percentage of ID people are considered to have a mild disability?

Back 48

85%

Front 49

Moderately disabled people can benefit from what type of training?

Back 49

vocational

Front 50

What percentage of intellectually disabled people can hold jobs and live in the community?

Back 50

95%

Front 51

Intellectual disabilities are over represented in which system?

Back 51

criminal justice system

Front 52

What are the main reasons that intellectually disabled individuals are over represented in the criminal justice system?

Back 52

1. heightened desire to appease authority
2. Poor comprehension of causality (moranda warning)
3. Easily led
4. Display exaggerated willingness to talk

Front 53

What percentage of ID individuals in the criminal justice system did not understand that their statements could be used against them?

Back 53

73%

Front 54

In the 2003 the faking bad study found that postgrad and young offenders were able to score < 69 on the

Back 54

WAIS

Front 55

With reference to ID diagnosis what are false positives and false negatives?

Back 55

False positives when you are not ID but you are classified as ID
False negatives when you are ID and you are not classified as ID

Front 56

False negatives in the detection of ID has implications on what 6 areas?

Back 56

1. Access to social benefits
2. Educational financing
3. Schooling and cognitive intervention
4. Death Penalty
5. Military Service
6. Health Status

Front 57

What impact does the Flynn Effect have on an ID diagnosis?

Back 57

Can change the diagnosis depending of when they are normed and this may have real world implication such as death penalty, educational funding etc

Front 58

In which population are ID more prevalent?

Back 58

indigenous populations

Front 59

The prevalence of ID in non-indigenous population in Australia is 2.7% and it is what for indigenous population?

Back 59

7%

Front 60

What is a significant risk factor for offending and reoffending?

Back 60

IQ

Front 61

In Australian how much more often are indigenous adults more likely to appear in courts?

Back 61

13 times

Front 62

In Australia how much more are indigenous adults likely to be in juvenile detention centers?

Back 62

23 times

Front 63

What are the two level of intellectual giftedness?

Back 63

Gifted 130 to 145 98th percentile
Highly Gifted > 145 99th percentile

Front 64

What are the implications on gifted individuals of using standard IQ tests?

Back 64

1. Ceiling effects
2. Multiple intelligence
3. Full IQ scores

Front 65

How might multipotentiality be a problem in gifted individuals?

Back 65

Multipotentiality may cause the individual to be overwhelmed and subsequently flounder

Front 66

What are the three ways that Winner (1996) suggests that intellectually gifted children can be identified?

Back 66

1. Precocious and learn more quickly
2. March to their own drum
3. Rage to master

Front 67

Intellectually Gifted children develop....

Back 67

asynchronously (early and late)

Front 68

Intellectually gifted children are not at a higher risk for developing psychopathology but may be labelled in the domain of ______ ______ or ____.

Back 68

learning disability or ADD

Front 69

At what age are gifted children self doubt, become protective and feel isolated?

Back 69

5/6

Front 70

What usually decreases in intellectually gifted children by high school? What typically increases?

Back 70

interpersonal skills decrease and anxiety increases

Front 71

What is a bigger predictor of intellectually gifted children instead of IQ?

Back 71

EQ

Front 72

Interventions such as counselling/psychotherapy converted anxieties and conflicts into powerful visions, sense of destiny and charismatic personalities. Those who didn't resolve conflicts were what?

Back 72

large underachievers and had self-destructive behaviour

Front 73

Intellectually gifted children are also ____ for _____ and may require ______.

Back 73

cause for concern
intervention

Front 74

Is the acceleration of gifted children generally positive or negative?

Back 74

positive

Front 75

What percentage of accelerated children felt that being moved ahead had affected them negatively by age 23?

Back 75

5%

Front 76

Gender difference exist for _____ intellectual abilities.

Back 76

specific

Front 77

Intellectual Disability criteria is extremely ____ and has major ______.

Back 77

sensitive
implications

Front 78

Indigenous populations are at risk for low ___ and _____ complications.

Back 78

IQ
legal