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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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When was autism included in the DSM?
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1980- DSM-III
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Which current disorders in the DSM-IV-TR are likely to be combined into ASD in the DSM-5?
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1. Autistic Disorder
2. Pervasive Developmental Disorder NOS 3. Asperger's Disorder 4. Childhood Disintegrative Disorder |
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What is the rationale for the combining of a number of disorders into one category ASD in the DSM-5?
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The research suggests that these disorder all share similar features and etiologies and seem to vary only in severity
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Children with ASD can have profound problems with what?
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the social world
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What are the three broad hallmarks of ASD?
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1. Social & emotional Disturbance
2. Communications Deficits 3. Repetiitive Acts |
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Which two current broad Hallmarks of ASD are likely to be combined in the DSM-5 criteria?
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Social & emotional disturbances and communications deficits
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Explain Joint Attention.
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Joint attention is the shared focus of two individuals, whether speaking or communicating non-verbally and is impaired in people with autism
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What are the differences found in face recognition in people with autism?
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1. patterns of brain activation are different in autistic individuals
2. Adults with ASD focus on the their gaze mostly n the mouth region where adults without ASD focus on upper and lower face |
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People with ASD typically show impairment in reciprocal social interaction that is gross and sustained. What types of behaviour indicate these impairments?
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- marked reduction in eye to eye contact
- lack of facial expression - poor non-verbal communication - failure to initiate play with peers - problems with joint attention - issues with face recognition - indication of deficient theory of mind |
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Explain theory of mind in the context of ASD.
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Theory of mind refers to a persons understanding that other people have desires, beliefs, intentions, and emotions that mey be different from one's own. It typically develops between the ages of 2 and 5 years. Children with ASD seem to not undergo this developmental milestone and seem unable to understand others' perspectives and emotional reactions.
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What differences were found in the facial scanpan patterns of people with autism compared to people without autism?
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People with autism viewed nonfeature areas of the face significantly more often that people without autism highlighting the disorganised processing of face stimuli in individuals with autism
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What is babbling? What differences have been found in infant babbling in children with autism? What type of deficit does this indicate?
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Babbling is a term used to describe the utterances of infants before they begin to use words. Babbling is less frequent and conveys less information in infants with autism. This difference in babbling can be an early sign of autism and indicates communication deficits.
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Explain echolalia?
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Where a child echoes with remarkable fidelity what he or she has heard another person say.
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Describe examples of immediate echolalia and delayed echolalia.
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Immediate echolalia is where the child is asked "Do you want a cookie?" and echos the question immediately. Delayed echolalia is where the child hears something on TV and hours later or the next day the child echoes a word or phrase from the TV program.
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Explain pronoun reversal.
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It is a language abnormality commonly found in children with ASD where the refer to themselves as "he", "she", "you" or even by their own name
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What are the seven signs of marked and sustained communication deficits can children with ASD display?
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1. less frequent and reduced quality babbling
2. delayed language acquisition 3. echolalia 4. pronoun reversal 5. literal use of words 6. repetitive use of language regardless of meaning 7. lack of understanding for non-verbal behaviours, facial expressions and tone |
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What are monotone or inappropriate use of pitch an indications of in children with ASD?
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speech impairments
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In terms of play what sort of obsessional quality might children and adults with ASD display?
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Children may continually line up toys or construct intricate patterns with household objects, and adults may become preoccupied with train schedules, subway routes and number sequences
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What are five behavioural indications of ritualistic or repetitive acts often observed in people with ASD?
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1. Need to routine and consistency
2. Engaging in stimming - self stimulatory activities 3. Obsessional desire for order and ritual 4. Intense attention to items 5. Become upset when order becomes unbalanced |
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Explain stimming or stereotypical behaviours in children with ASD.
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Referred to as self-stimulatory activities such as peculiar ritualistic hand movements body rocking, hand flapping, walking on tip toe, spinning and twirling objects, stare at fans and others spinning things, or twiddle fingers in front of their eyes.
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What three conditions are commonly comorbid with ASD?
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Intellectual Disability, Learning Disorders and Anxiety
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Many children with ASD score lower than what on an IQ test? What is the difference on IQ tests between children with ASD and ID?
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Normally score below 70. Children with ID will score poorly on all parts of the IQ test whereas children with ASD may score poorly on those subtests related to language
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What aspects of IQ tests to children with ASD score low on and what subtests do children with ASD usually obtain better scores on?
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Low in subtests related to language such as tasks requiring abstract thought, symbolism, or sequential logic. Score better on subtests requiring visual-spatial skills such as matching designs in block- design tests and putting together disassembled objects.
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What area of development do children with ASD show greatest relative strength to children with ID?
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sensorimotor development - despite profound cognitive deficits many can be adept at swinging, climbing and balancing, where children with an ID have great difficulty with gross motor skills
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What percentage of children with ASD are estimated to also have a learning disorder?
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one third
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What percentage range of children with ASD are estimated to suffer with Anxiety?
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11 to 84%
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What is a major confounding factor in the scores of IQ tests for children with ASD?
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IQ tests rely on language
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What is the prevalence of ASD? What is the gender ratio? What is the lifetime stability statistic shown in a recent study? What effect does culture have on the diagnosis of ASD?
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- 1 in every 100 children diagnosed with ASD
- M/F ratio is 4:1 - Recent study revealed only 1 out of 84 children diagnosed with ASD at age 2 years no longer met the diagnostic criteria at age 9 years - ASD found in all socioeconomic, ethnic and racial groups |
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What has been the increase in diagnoses over the past 25 years and what are some of the reasons why?
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Study in calofornia found a 300% increase in diagnoses over the past 25 years. The increase could be attributed to improved diagnostics, and better quality and greater availability of ASD resources and information
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What factors contribute to the best prognosis for children with ASD?
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Higher IQ >70 and learn to speak before age 6 years.
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Many independently functioning adults with ASD continue to show impairments in what area?
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social relationships
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What characterises high functioning autism?
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Fit the criteria for autism but IQ > 70
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What are the 6 main characteristics of asperger's syndrome?
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1. Communication problems
2. Repetitive behaviour 3. Language ok 4. No intellectual impairment 5. Motor ability may be clumsy or awkward but not clinically significant 6. Can be comorbid with ADHD |
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How likely are siblings of ASD children to also have ASD?
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75 times more likely
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What is the concordance rate of autism in monozygotic twins?
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60 - 90%
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What is the concordane rate of autism in dizygotic twins?
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0 - 20%
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What is the heritability range os ASD?
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80 - 90%
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In families where more than one child had ASD or language delay unaffected sibling exhibited deficits in what?
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social communications and interactions
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In twin studies where one twin has ASD what differences were found between identical and fraternal twins in the non ASD sibling?
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Identical non ASD twin dispayed social and communication deficits where the fraternal non ASD twin were almost always normal in their social and language development.
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What does GWAS stand for and what is it?
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GWAS stands for genome-wide association studies which looks for differences in gene sequence and gene structure.
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What does SNP stand for in GWAS? What have some studies revealed about its link to ASD?
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SNP stands for single nucleotide polymorphisms. Some GWAS studies have found SNP's between two genes on chromosome 5 in people with ASD and one sample without ASD but who had communication and social-emotional difficulties.
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What does CNV stand for and what has been found in ASD studies?
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CNV stands for copy number variations. One study of CNV's found that a deletion on chromosome 16 was associated with an increased risk of developing ASD.
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What differences in brain volume have been found in children and adults with ASD?
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they are larger than the brains of children and adults without ASD
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When do brain volume differences mostly occur in children with ASD and what are some explanations for this phenomena?
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between the ages of 2 and 4 years and one explanation is failure of synaptic pruning
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What areas of the brain are "overgrown" in people with ASD and what functions are linked to these areas?
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Frontal, temporal, cerebellar and amygdalae which have been linked with language, social, and emotional functions
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What have EEG/fMRI studies revealed in people with ASD?
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connectivity issues and abnormal cortical organisation in frontal and limbic areas
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In the past what were three perinatal factors thought to be implicated in the aetiology of ASD?
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1. thalidomide
2. MMR vaccine 3. Herpes Virus |
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What is the link between lead and developmental and behavioural problems?
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Children with developmental and behavioural problems were found to have elevated levels of lead in their blood, however the relevance to ASD is unclear.
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What are the two main treatment choices for ASD, and which is the most effective?
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Behavioural and pharmacological treatments. Behavioural treatments are the most effective.
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In the late 1980's Ivan Lovaas conducted what with young children under 4 who had ASD?
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An intensive operant conditioning-based program of behavioural treatment
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Describe Lovaas's intensive operant conditioning intervention study.
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19 children received intensive therapy that encompassed all aspects of the childrens' lives for more than 40 hours a week for more than 2 years compared with 40 children who received the same treatment for less than 10 hours per week. Both groups were rewarded for being less aggressive, more compliant, and more socially appropriate.
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Explain the outcomes found in Lovaas's study.
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- IQs for the intensive-therapy group averaged 83 in first grade (after about 2 years in the intensive therapy) compared with about 55 for the other group
- 12 of the 19 reached normal age range compared with only two of the other group - 9 of the 19 in the intensive therapy group were promoted to second grade, whereas only 1 of the 40 achieved this level of functioning - 4 year follow up indicated that the intensive therapy group maintained their gains in IQ, adaptive behaviour, and grade promotions in school. |
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What were the two main criticisms of Lovass's study?
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There were weaknesses in the study's methodology and outcome measures
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Success of ASD interventions depends on what two key considerations?
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1. The severity of the disorder; and
2. Early intervention |
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One group of researchers demonstrated that 25 to 30 hours od parent training was as effective as what in improving the behaviour of children with ASD?
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200 hours of direct clinical treatment
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Explain Pivotal Response Treatment (PRT). Give an example.
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it is based ont he notion that intervening in one key, or pivotal, area may lead to changes in other areas. An example parents could be more effective when taught to focus on increasing motivation and responsiveness rather than focussing on changing individually targeted problem behaviours in a sequential manner.
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What is Haldol and what has it been found useful for? Explain the effects on ASD.
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Haldol is the market name Haloperidol, used to reduce social withdrawal, maladaptive behaviours, and aggression.
Many children do not respond positively and it has no effect on language and/or social skills. |
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What opioid antagonist has been used in children with ASD? What effects have been found?
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Naltrexone. It reduced hyperactivity in children with ASD and produced moderate improvement in the initiation of social interactions.
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What is critical for the prognosis and intervention of childhood disorders?
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early diagnosis
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Biological aetiology does not always equate to what?
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biological treatments
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Children with developmental disorders can do what with appropriate support and intervention?
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lead enriched lives
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What is treatment of childhood disorders focussed on?
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managing symptoms instead of eradicating the disorder
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