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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is trephination?
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a surgical intervention in which a hole is drilled or scraped into the human skull.
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What is demonology?
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the doctrine that an evil being or spirit can dwell within a person and control his or her mind and body.
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What did early scholars, theologians, and philosophers believe were the cause of a troubled mind?
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the results of displeased gods or possession by evil spirits.
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Who was the first to separate medicine from religion, magic, and superstition?
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Hippocrates (hip-ok-crate-ees)
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Who was the father of modern science?
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Hippocrates
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What did Hippocrates regard at the organ or consciousness, intellectual life, and emotion?
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the brain
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What did Hippocrates think disordered thinking and behaviour were a result of?
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brain pathology and in particular and imbalance of the four humours
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What were the four humours as described by Hippocrates?
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1. Blood - changeable temperment
2. Black bile - melancholia 3. Yellow bile - irritability and anxiousness 4. Phlegm - sluggish and dull |
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Hippocrates classified mental disorders into what three categories?
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mania, melancholia, and phrenitis (brain fever)
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What two major influences did Hippocrates have on modern thinking?
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1. behaviour is markedly affected by bodily functions
2. abnormal behaviour is caused by a chemical imbalance |
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What happened in 200A.D.?
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There was a decline of Greek/Roman civilisation and the church gained in influence
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Who do historians regards as the last great physician of the classical era?
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Galen (A.D. 130-200)
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The Middle Ages saw the return of what?
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the belief of supernatural causes of mental disorders
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What is Pope innocent known for?
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the persecution of witched in 1948 and the development of the Malleus Maleficarum ("the witches hammer)
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What is the Malleus Maleficiarum?
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a comprehensive legal and theological document and explicit manual to guide witch hunts.
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Explain the no-win situation that occurred in the hunt for witches?
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accused witched underwent the dunking test. If they drowned they were not witches, if they didn't drown then they were considered to be a witch and in league with the devil and were punished accordingly.
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What trials occurred in England in the 14th century?
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the lunacy trials
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What are the lunacy trials?
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trials conducted in England by the crown to determine whether a person was insane.
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What happened to a person's estate if found insane as a result of a lunacy trial?
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the Crown became the guardian of the lunatics estate
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In the Lunacy trials what factors were taken into consideration in the determination of sanity?
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defendants orientation, memory, daily life and habits.
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Where does the word lunatic originate?
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From Swiss physician Paracleus (1493 - 1541) who attributed odd behaviour to a misalignment of the moon and stars (lunar).
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Where was the first psychiatric hospital and when?
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Baghdad in 700 A.D.
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What are asylums?
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refuges for the confinement and care of people with mental illness
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Asylums where originally what?
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leprosariums
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Why is the Priory of St. Mary of Bethlehem famous for and when was it founded?
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An asylum and tourist attraction with deplorable conditions with little food, little patient care, blood letting practices and spread of disease.
Founded in 1243. |
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The Lunatics Tower was constructed in Vienna in 1784, what was it famous for?
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Housing the mentally ill for entertainment to passersby
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What did Benjamin Rush believe caused mental illness and what what his treatment?
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excess blood in the brain and her drew great quantities from the mentally ill. He also believed that frightening the mentally ill would cure them and would convince the patient they were going to die in order to frighten them,
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The humanitarian movement was thought to origninate with which two figures?
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Philippe Pinel and Jean-Bapiste Pussain
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Who is Dorothy Dix and what did she do?
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She was a retired school teacher who campaigned extensively for improved conditions for people with mental illness.
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What is general paresis and when was is theorised?
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the steady deterioration of both mental and physical abilities including symptoms such as delusions of grandeur and progressive paralysis. Theorised in the late 1700's.
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What discovery in 1905 caused biological approaches to mental illness to gain credibility?
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the relation between general paresis and syphilis
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What did Louis Pasteur establish in the 1860's and 1870's?
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the germ theory of disease, which posited that disease is caused by infection of the body by minute organisms.
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As a result of early discoveries in the biological approach to mental illness what general links were identified for the first time?
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infection led to brain pathology which led to psychopathology
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Francis Galton is considered the father of what type of research?
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genetic
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What movement what Galten credited with creating in the late 1800's and early 1900's?
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the eugenics movement
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Explain eugenics
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the elimination of undesirable characteristics from the population by restricting the ability f certain people to have children.
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What US law was abolished in the mid 20th century?
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Forcible sterilisation and prohibition of marriage between people with mental illness.
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What did Cerletti use on a patient with schizophrenia?
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ECT
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Where did the frontal lobotomy originate and by who?
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Portugal by Egas Muniz in the 1950's
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What is destroyed in a prefrontal lobotomy?
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the tracts connecting the frontal lobes to other areas of the brain
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Who conducted over 2500 lobotomies?
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Walter Freeman
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What is a genotype?
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the genetic make-up of an individual
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What is a phenotype?
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physical characteristics & behavioural traits of an individual as a product of an interaction between genes and the environment.
Also known as 'gene expression' |
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Who was Mesmer?
What did he believe caused hysteria? |
Franz Anton Mesmer (1734-1815) and Australian physician practicing in Vienna and Paris.
A particular distribution of a universal magnetic fluid in the body |
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How did Mesmer treat hysteria?
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Orginally iron rods containing various chemicals and later a form of hypnotism
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Where does the word mesmerised originate?
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From Mesmer's hypnotic work in curing hysteria.
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Who is Charcot?
What did he believe caused hysteria? |
Jean Martin Charcot (1825 - 1893) a parisian neurologist.
He belived hysteria was a problem with the nervous system and had a biological cause although he was also persuaded by psychological explanations. |
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What trick was played on Charcot and what influence did this have on his work?
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His students hypnotised a woman and tricked Charcot into believing she was an actual patient with hysteria whom they cured through hypnosis. Charcot then became interested in psychological interpretations.
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Which famous patient did Bruer treat?
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Anna O
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Who was Breuer?
What did he believed cured hysteria? |
Josef Breuer (1842-1925) was a viennese physician.
He believed hysteria could be cured by relieving emotional tension by reliving and earlier emotional trauma. |
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What is the Cathartic Method and who developed it?
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The cathartic method is the process of reliving an earlier trauma and releasing emotional tension by expressing previously forgotten thoughts about the event.
Developed by Breuer |
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Who wrote the case study of Anna O?
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Breuer and Freud
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What is the central assumption of Freud's psychoanalytic theory?
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that psychopathology results from unconscious conflicts in the individual
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What are the three principle parts of Freud's structure of the mind or psyche?
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id, ego & superego
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What did Freud postulate was the source of the id's energy?
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biological drives which he referred to as libido
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On what principle does the id operate?
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the pleasure principle
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What is produced when the id is not satisfied?
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tension
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At what age does a person's id develop?
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it's present from birth
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At what age does a person develop the ego?
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during the second six months of life
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Which principle does the ego work from?
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the reality principle
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At what age does the superego develop?
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throughout childhood
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Explain Freudian defense mechanisms?
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is a strategy used by the ego to protect itself from anxiety
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What is the goal of the therapist in psychoanalysis?
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to understand the person's early childhood experiences, the nature of key relationships, and patterns in current relationships.
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What are the three major techniques used by psychoanalysts?
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Free association, interpretation, and analysis of transference.
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Explain Freud's psychosexual stages of development and the concept of fixation?
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Five stages
1. Oral - birth to 18mths - gratification through lips, mouth gums & tongue. 2. Anal - 18mths - 3yrs - gratification through anus 3. Phallic - 3yrs - 5/6yrs - gratification through genital stimulation 4. Latency - 6 - 12 yrs - id is dorment 5. Genital - adult - heterosexual interests predominate Fixation occurs when a person receives excessive or deficient amounts of gratification at a particular stage, regresses to this stage when stressed. |
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In what year did Jung break with Freud?
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1914
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What did Jung postulate about the unconscious?
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The existence of the collective unconscious
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What did Jung believe formed the collective unconscious?
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archetypes - basic categories that all human beings use in conceptualising about the world
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What dimension of Jung's theory continues to be very important is psychopathology today?
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personality dimension - particularly introversion and extraversion
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What was Jung's full name, what year was he born, and what year did he die?
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Carl Gustav Jung (1875 - 1961)
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What was Freud's full name, what year was he born, and what year did he die?
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Sigmund Freud (1856 - 1939)
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Who developed individual psychology?
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Alfred Adler (1870 - 1937)
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What is individual psychology?
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the idea that people are inextricably tied to their society and that fulfillment is found in doing things for the social good.
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A central element to Adlers work and to current developments in CBT was what idea?
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that feeling and behaving better depends on thinking more rationally
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What is the main criticism of Freud's work?
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there was no formal research on the causes and treatment of mental illness
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What three commonly held assumptions demonstrate Freud's influence in the field of psychopathology?
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1. Childhood experiences help shape adult personality
2. There are unconscious influences on behaviour 3. The causes and purposes of human behaviour are not always obvious |
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Who was the major figure in establishing behaviourism?
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John B. Watson
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Who is Pavlov? What did he discover?
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Ivan Pavlov (1849 - 1936) a Russian physiologist discovered classical conditioning
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Who formulated the law of effect? what is it?
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Edward Thorndike (1874 - 1949).
The law of effect - behaviour that is followed by consequences satisfying the organism will be repeated and behaviour that is followed by noxious or unpleasant consequences will be discouraged. |
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What concept did B.F. Skinner introduce?
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Operant Conditioning
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What principle did Skinner rename to the "principle of reinforcement"?
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Thorndike's "law of effect"
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How does operant conditioning contribute to the persistence of aggressive behaviour?
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aggression is often rewarded ie child hits for a toy or parents give in to avoid aggressive behaviour
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What type of learning occurs despite the absence of reinforcers?
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modelling
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What is the name for the process of learning through watching and imitating others?
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modelling
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What is behaviour therapy?
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an attempt to change behaviour, thoughts, and feelings by applying in a clinical context the methods such as classical and operant conditioning
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What is one important behaviour therapy technique still in use to treat phobias and anxiety today?
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systematic desensitisation
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Who developed systematic desensitisation?
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Joseph Wolpe in 1958
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What are the two main components of systematic desensitisation?
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1. deep muscle relaxation
2. gradual exposure to a list of feared situations, starting with those that arouse minimal anxiety and progressing to those that are the most frightening |
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Explain intermittent reinforcement? Why is it important?
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Intermittent reinforcement is rewarding a response only a proportion of the times.
It is important for the maintenance of behaviours |
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What is the major role of the therapist in cognitive therapy?
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to help the client become aware of their maladaptive thoughts
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What do all cognitive approaches have in common?
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they emphasise that how people construe themselves and the world is a major determinant of psychological disorders.
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Who developed REBT and what is the main is the aim of REBT?
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Albert Ellis (1913 - 2007)
The aim of REBT is to eliminate self defeating beliefs |
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What is the principle thesis behind REBT?
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that sustained emotional reactions are caused by internal sentences that people repeat to themselves; these self statements reflect sometimes unspoken assumptions or irrational beliefs, about what is necessary to lead a meaningful life.
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