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229 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Plato was a: B) Nativist C) Psychologist D) None of the above |
B) |
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Why does #thedress seem like different colours to different people? A) External factors can influence colour perception (e.g. lighting cues) B) Internal factors can influence color perception C) Individual differences play a role in color perception D) All of the above |
D) |
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How does Plato view reality? |
Reality resides in representations That one person's reality is different from one another and that reality itself is based on our perception of the world |
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What is a nativist? |
A person who believes we are born with skills hardwired from birth with some base level of knowledge (like spatial orientation or language) As you grew, you add to this knowledge and that you do not have to learn it, it was there from birth |
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Aristotle was a: A) Empiricist B) Nativist C) Psychologist D) None of the above |
A) |
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What was Aristotle's view on reality? |
Reality lies in the concrete That reality was observed through senses and that reality was relatively constant from person to person |
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What was Aristotle's view on learning? |
He believe that people were born with the ability to learn (not born with knowledge) and that you had to use it |
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What does the statement "Cogito ergo sum" mean? |
I think, therefore I am |
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What are Rene Descartes beliefs? |
Cogito ergo sum Dualism (mind and body are sperate) Nativist Rationalist |
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What are John Locke's beliefs? |
Tabula rasa (blank slate) Humans learn through experience (believed that consciousness was through the observable world and that reality was within our experiences to shape the world through our senses) |
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Wilhem Wundt was an advocate for what? |
Structuralism |
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What is structuralism? |
Overall experience was determined by combining basic elements of experiences (sensations) |
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Who founded the first psychological laboratory? |
Wilhem Wundt in 1879 at the University of Leipzig in Germany |
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What was Wundt's "Periodic table of the mind"? |
Everyone's experiences can be bowled down into 32 individualized sensation units that create an experience |
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What approach did Wundt use for his experiments? |
Analytic introspection |
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What is analytic introspection? |
A procedure used by early psychologist in which trained participants described their experiences and thought process in response to stimuli |
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What was a problem with analytic introspection? |
1) Required extensive training for the subjects 2) Variable results from person to person 3) Results difficult to verify because they were interpreted in terms of inner mental process |
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Who was William James? |
A great thinker who didn't spend a lot of his time testing his idea He claimed that everyday, a person is bombarded with hundreds of sensations and yet we cannot remember those senses and that it is because our attention works like a filter that if it is not important to you, you will likely not remember it |
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What was Franciscus Donder's reaction time experiment? |
He had two measurements for reaction time: Simple reaction time (by by asking subject to push a button as rapidly as possible when they saw a light) Choice reaction time (done by using two lights and asking his subjects to push the left button when they saw the left light go on and the right button when they saw the right light go on) The choice reaction time task added decisions by requiring subjects to decide whether the left or right light was illuminated and then which button to push Donders reasoned that the difference in reaction time between the simple and choice conditions would indicate how long it took to make the decision that led to pushing the correct button Because choice reaction time took one-tenth of a second longer than simple reaction time, Donders concluded that the decision-making process took one-tenth of a second |
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Why is Donder's reaction time experiment important? |
One of the first cognitive psychology experiments It illustrates that mental responses cannot be measured directly but must be inferred from behavior |
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What was Ebbinghaus's memory experiment? |
Using himself as the subject, he repeated lists of 13 nonsense syllables such as DAX, QEH, LUH, and ZIF to himself one at a time at a constant rate
Ebbinghaus determined how look it took to learn a list for the first time
He then waited for a specific amount of time (the delay) and then determined how long it took to relearn the list
Because forgetting had occurred during the delay, Ebbinghaus made errors when he first tried to remember the list
But because he had retained something from his original learning, he relearned the list more rapidly than when he had learned it for the first time This reduction in savings (measure used to determine magnitude of memory left from intial learning) provide a measure of forgetting and with smaller savings meaning more forgetting Thus showing that memory drops rapidly for the first 2 days after initial learning and then levels off |
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Why did Ebbinghaus use non-sense syllables in this memory experiment? |
To not have subject (himself) influenced by the meaning of a particular word |
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What is Ebbinghaus measurement savings? What does it mean when you have higher ones and when you decrease it? |
It is a measure that is used to determine the magnitude of memory left from initial learning Higher savings indicate greater memory Savings decrease for longer delays |
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How do you calculate Ebbinghaus's measurement of savings? |
Savings = (Original time to learn the list) - (Time to relearn the list after the delay) |
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What was Ivan Pavlov's dog research? |
Demonstrated classical condition in dogs Pavlov's pairing of food (which made dog salivate) with bell (initially neutral stimulus) caused dog to salivate to sound of the bell |
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What is Edward Thorndike's law of effect and foundations of operant condition? |
If a certain behavior produced a positive effect, that behavior will be repeated more often If a behavior produces an adverse effect in certain context, you are less likely to do that again |
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Who was John Watson? |
He founded the psychology approach behaviorism He was dissatisfied with the method of analytic introspection and wanted to restrict psychology to behavioral data and rejected the idea of going beyond those data to draw conclusions about unobservable mental events Watson's goal was to replace the mind as a topic of study in psychology with the study of directly observable behavior |
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What was John Watson's problems with analytic introspection? |
It produced extremely variable results from person to person These results were difficult to verify because they were interpreted in terms of invisible inner mental process |
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What was John Watson's Little Albert experiment? |
Watson and Rosalie Rayner (1920) subjected Albert, a 9-month-old-boy, to a loud noise every time a rat (which Albert originally liked) came close to the child After a few pairings of noise with rat, Albert reacted to the rat by crawling away as rapidly as possible |
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What did John Watson's Little Albert experiment show? |
Classical conditioning |
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What is classical conditioning? |
A procedure in which pairing a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that elicits a response causes the neutral stimulus to elicit that response |
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What is operant conditioning? |
A type of condition which focuses on how behavior is strengthened by presentation of positive reinforces, such as food or social approval or withdrawal of negative reinforces, such as shock or social rejection |
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What is the response behavior of classical conditioning? |
Involuntary responses |
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What is the response behavior of operant conditioning? |
Voluntary |
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What is the learner activity like for classical conditioning? |
Passive |
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What is the learner activity like for operant conditioning? |
Active |
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In a sentence, what is the difference between classical and operant conditioning? |
Classical conditioning is about pairing a response to a stimulus, while operant conditioning focuses more on strengthening or weakening a response |
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What was Edward Tolman's rat experiment? |
Placed a rat in a maze Initially the rat explored the maze, running up and down each of the alleys After initial period of exploration, the rat was placed at A and food was placed at B The rat quickly learned to turn right at intersection to obtain the food When Tolman (after taking precautions to be sure the rat couldn't determine location of food based on smell) placed the rat at C The rat then turned left at the intersection to reach the food at B Tolman's explanation of this result was that when the rat initially experienced the maze, it was development a cognitive map (a mental conception of spatial layer) Thus, even though the rat had previously been rewarded for turning right, its mental map indicated that it should turn left to reach the food |
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What was Cherry's Dichotic Listening experiment and why did the results happen? |
Patients listen to headsets with different audios in each ear
Have patients interpret and listen to one audio and people are able to do this well
This is because people would be in rooms with a lot voices in it, you can listen to your friend despite how many people are talking |
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What was broadbent's attention model? |
That we filter out things we do not care about and goes to a detector and then to memory This is very simple He showed individual units regarding attention and you can workout how filter works and isolate it |
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What is embodied cognition? |
Cognitive processes provide us a means of interacting with the world around us |
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Define Mind |
System that creates mental representations of the world and controls mental functions such as perception, attention, emotions, language, deciding, thinking and reasoning |
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Define Cognition |
Mental process involved in perception, attention, memory, language, problem solving, reasoning and decision making |
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What type period is Donder from? |
1868 |
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What did Donder's famous experiment focus on? |
Simple reaction time vs choice reaction time |
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What was the results on Donder's reaction time experiment? |
Choice reaction takes 1/10 seconds longer Therefore it takes 1/10 second to make a decision |
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What was Wundt's time period? |
1879 |
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What was the focus of Wundt's famous experiment? |
Analytic introspection |
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What was the results of Wundt's analytic introspection experiments? |
No reliable results |
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What was the time period of Ebbinghaus? |
1885 |
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What was Ebbinghaus famous experiment about? |
Savings method to measure forgetting |
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What was the result of Ebbinghaus famous memory experiment? |
Forgetting occurs rapidly in the first 1 to 2 days after original learning |
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What was Skinner's view on children learning language? |
They learn it through operant conditioning (verbal behavior) Children imitate speech that they hear and repeat correct speech because it was rewarded |
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What was Noam Chomsky's view on children learning language? |
He pointed out that children say many sentences that have never been rewarded by parents ("I hate you") and that during normal course of language development, they go through a stage in which they use incorrect grammar despite never been reinforced
Chomsky saw language development as being determined not by imitation or reinforcement but by an inborn biological program that holds across cultures
Chomsky's idea that language is a product of the way the mind is constructed, rather than a result of reinforcement |
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In a brief sentence, what is analytic introspection? |
You ask someone how they feel and/or interpret an experience |
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Which famous cognitive psychologists used analytic introspection? |
William James and Wilhem Vont |
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Which famous cognitive psychologist was an opponent of analytic introspection? |
Watson |
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Walking down hall with friends, and look at locker and one says blue, other says green.
According William James is an example of? |
Analytic introspection |
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What is the nerve net? |
A nerve net is a network of continuously interconnected nerve fibers |
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What is the nerve net theory? |
Proposed that signals could be transmitted throughout the net in all directions |
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What was Camillo Golgi staining technique? |
Used a thin slice of brain tissue and immersed it in a solution of silver nitrate This showed fewer than 1% of the cells that were stained |
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Why did Camillo Golgi only wanted to see 1-2% of the brain's neural network? |
This way he could see the brain's structure and individual's neurons
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What is Ramon y Cajal famous neuron experiment? |
Two techniques: Golgi stain on only some cells in slices of brain tissue and other tissue from brains of newborn animals Comparing the two, he was able to visually see that the nerve net was not continuous but instead made up of individual units connected together |
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Why did Ramon y Cajal use newborn brain tissue in his famous neuron experiment? |
The density of cells in the newborn brain is small compared to density in adult brain |
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What is the neuron doctrine? |
The idea that individual cells called neurons transmit signals in the nervous system and that these cells are not continuous with other cells as proposed by the nerve net theory |
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What is the dendrite (of a neuron)? |
The structure that branches out from the cell body to receive electrical signals from other neurons |
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What is the axon (of a neuron)? |
Part of the neuron that transmits signals from cell body to synapse at the end of the axon |
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What is the synapse (of a neuron)? |
Space between the end of an axon and the cell body or dendrite of next axon |
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What is the neural circuit (of a neuron)? |
Group of interconnected neurons that are responsible for neural processing |
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What is a sensory receptor? |
They are specialized neurons that pick up information from the environment rather than from other neurons |
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TRUE or FALSE Neurons follow an All or None Principle when firing |
TRUE |
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At what voltage would you find a neuron at resting potential? |
-70 mV |
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When would you get a nerve impulse/action potential? |
When a neuron receptor is stimulated |
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What is an action potential? |
A electrical response that is propagated down the length of an axon (nerve fiber) As impulse passes the recording electrode, the charge inside the axon rises to +40 mV compared to outside |
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When would the height or shape an action potential change when traveling down an axon? |
It doesn't change |
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Why are action potentials ideal for sending signals over a distance? |
Their action potential travels all the way down the axon without changing its height or shape
This is ideal because it means that once an action potential is started at one end of an axon, that signal will still be the same size when it reaches the other end |
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What are the steps for an action potential? |
Resting potential Signal reaches past threshold Depolarization phase Repolarization phase Undershooting Resting potential |
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What was Adrian's action potential experiment? |
He studied the relation between nerve firing and sensory experience by measuring how the firing of a neuron from a receptor in the skin changed as he applied more pressure to the skin He found that shape and height of action potential remain the same as he increased pressure but rate of nerve firing increase |
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Lets say (b) is resting stimulus of a person in a medical waiting room. If a doctor was to put a needle in the arm of a patient to withdraw blood, what would the stimulus become? A or C? |
C) |
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What two factors can cause an increase rate of neural firing? |
Intensity of stimulation and magnitude of an experience |
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What is a neurotransmitter? |
It is released from the end of an axon when a signal has reached the synapse It makes it possible for the signal to be transmitted across the gap that separates the end of the axon from the dendrite or cell body of another neuron |
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Does the pre- or post-synpatic neuron released the neurotransmitter? |
The presynaptic |
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What is sensory code? |
How neural firing represents various characteristics of the environment |
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What is neuron specificity coding? |
Presentation of specific stimulus by the firing of neurons that respond only to that stimulus An individual specific neuron that binds to a specific object |
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What is neuron sparse coding? |
Neural coding based on pattern of activity in small groups of neurons |
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What is neuron population coding? |
Neural representation of a stimulus by a pattern of firing a large number of neurons |
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What is an advantage of population coding? |
Large number of stimuli can be represented because large groups of neurons can create a huge number of different population |
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What is the common phrase "left brain" suggesting? |
The use of the left hemisphere that process information analytically |
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What is the common phrase "right brain" suggesting? |
The use of the right hemisphere for processing information holistically |
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What are some functions of right lateralization in the right hemisphere? |
Face recognition Music Image perception Art |
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What is the temporal lobe? |
Lobe on the side of the brain that contains mechanism responsible for language, memory, hearing and vision Contains the auditory cortex which receives signals from the ears |
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What is the parietal lobe? |
Lobe at the top of the brain that contains mechanisms responsible for sensations caused by stimulation of the skin and also some aspect of visual information Contains somatosensory cortex which receives signals from the skin |
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What is the somatosensory? |
Found in the parietal lobe
Responsible for touch and pressure perception |
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What is the frontal lobe? |
Lobe in the front of the brain that serves higher function such as language, thought, memory and motor function Receives signals from all of the senses and is responsible for coordination of the senses as well as high cognitive functions like thinking and problem solving |
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Who was Phineas Gage? |
Famous survivor of having damage to his frontal lobe by having a pipe go through his head After his accident, he had a lack of emotional regulation and decision making |
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If someone recovers from an accident and develops a lack of emotional regulation and decision making, what part of the brain is likely to be damaged? |
Frontal lobe |
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What is Broca and Broca aphasia? |
It is described for patients with specific language deficits following a stroke They symptoms are: laborious speech, semantic but agrammatical, and production aphasia They are write coherent sentenced but not orally speak Their vocabulary is not lost |
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What is Wernicke's? |
These patients have speech problems with these symptoms: Fluent speech, grammatical but incoherent and comprehension aphasia They do have functional body language though These people cannot write |
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What is laborious speech? |
Having a hard time finding the right words |
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What is production aphasia? |
Comprehend speech but have a hard time producing complete sentences |
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What is comprehension aphasia? |
Although they understand structure and sentences, the meaning of words appear to be lost and they replace words with other words Words used appear to be random |
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What is a module of the brain? |
An area that is specialized for a specific function |
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What is prosopagnosia? |
You are no longer able to process faces They can still recognize facial features but cannot match/personalize them They can process facial expressions and emotions |
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What can cause prosopagnosia? |
Damage to the temporal lobe |
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What is extrastraite body area? |
An area in the temporal cortex that is activated by pictures of bodies and parts of bodies but not faces or other objects |
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What is the hippocampus? |
It is part of the medial temporal lobe Has implications in: long-term memory formation and organizing learning & memory context |
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If you have damage to the hippocampus, does it affect procedural memory? |
No |
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What is the parahippocampal place area (PPA)? |
An area in the temporal lobe that contains neurons that are selectively activated by pictures of indoor and outdoor scenes |
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What is the function of the amygdala? |
Emotions Mainly anger and fear |
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What happens when you damage your amygdala? |
You lose the ability to process emotions |
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TRUE or FALSE PTSD have higher activity of amygdala |
TRUE |
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What is the function of the basal ganglia? |
Habits and motor skills Also used in action selection like what you need to accomplish your goals, task switching and help control eye movement |
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What happens if you damage your basal ganglia? |
You get tremors, ticks, twitches and difficulty in motor activities |
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What is the function of the thalamus? |
Sensory information
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What happens when you damage your thalamus? |
End up in a coma |
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What is the function of the hypothalamus? |
Neurotransmitters and Fight or Flight response |
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How would you use CT for brain imaging? |
Computed tomography (CT) uses x-rays to visualize large structures in the brain |
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How do Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) work? |
Uses a giant magnet to align atoms, a radiowave to tip the atoms and the atom's rate of realignment to construct an image |
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Can you use MRI's to detect neural activity? |
No |
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What are electroencephalographs (EEG)? |
Recordings of electrical fields generated by populations of neurons measured by external electrodes at the scalp |
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What are the advantages of using an EEG? |
Non-invasive Effective at looking at time course of stimulus High temporal resolution |
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What medical technique produces a Event Related Potential (ERP) waveform? |
Multiple EEGs |
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How do you read an Event Related Potential (ERP) waveform? |
Waves go up and down from base letter are represented by negative (down are P) or positive (up are N) Numbers represent order |
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Of the ERP, what is the N400? |
Indexes meaning of words in a sentence |
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Of the ERP, what is the P600? |
Sensitive to form of words |
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Of the ERP, what is the P100? |
Face perception and complex visual processing |
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Of the ERP, what is the N100? |
Unpredicted stimuli Especially auditory |
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Of the ERP, what is the N200? |
Response inhibition |
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Of the ERP, what is the P300? |
Stimulus evaluation and categorization (decision making) and sustained attention |
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What is mind wandering? |
Not focusing on what you are suppose to focus on but rather somthing else |
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What was the results of Barron's mind wandering experiment? |
Lower activity in the frontal and parietal cortex correlated with higher levels of mind wandering People who are more inclined to mind wander have lower activation of cortex's and are disengaged |
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What does transcranial magnetic stimulator (TMS) do? |
Creates an electromagnetic field at the scalp that disrupts processing |
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What are microelectrodes? |
They are small wires that are used to record electrical signals from a single neuron Small shafts of hollow glass filled with conductive salt solution that can pick up electrical signals at the electrode to and conduct signals back to a recording device Almost never used on humans are it is highly invasive |
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What did Wilder Penfield propose? |
Based on responses by patients to direct electrical stimulation, he proposed that long-term memory was like a video recorder |
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How can blood flow be used to measure structure of brain? |
Areas that tend to work harder require more oxygen/blood |
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What is positron emission tomography (PET)? |
Uses a radioactive tracer to examine blood Uses subtraction method (where was when relax, then with activity then subtract activity from relax to see localization) |
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What is function magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)? |
Brain imaging technique that measures how blood flow change in response to cognitive activity Results in images of the brain that represents brain activity Involves detecting oxygen by tracking hemaglobin Most probable to get false-positives |
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What is a single-dissociation test? |
One person is missing one function but has another |
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What is double-dissociation test? |
A situation in which a pair of people have opposing deficits |
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What is the advantage of using a double-dissociation test to study brain damage? |
Functionality and behaviors can be investigated when specific areas are damaged |
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What are the disadvantages of using a double-dissociation test to study brain damage? |
Damage is not controlled by researchers Damage not uniform across participants |
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What is Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)? |
A technique based on detection of how water diffuses along length of nerve fibers, for tracing nerve pathways and determining connections Can trace the pathways of fibers that create communication between different structures |
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TRUE or FALSE Memory can refer to a record of some specific piece of information |
TRUE |
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TRUE or FALSE Memory is very linear, consist and pure |
FALSE Memory is not robust |
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Memory has 3 complimentary mental operations. What are they? |
Encoding Storage Retrievel |
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What is the mental operation of encoding memory? |
Make signals that make sense for our memory system We also remember things that are important for us like who was at a party and what happened, not colour of shoes |
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What is the mental operation of storing memory? |
Store house for experiences It appears to be both limited and limitless at the same time Limitless for those things that we find important |
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What is the mental operation of retrieving memory? |
This is the system that no things about till it fails them Like a tip of the tongue experience where you know what to say but you cannot pull it into conscious awareness |
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Memory is broken down into what three categories? |
Sensory memory Short-term memory Long-term memory |
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What can the short-term memory be broken down into? |
Central executive Phonological loop Visuospatial sketchpad |
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What is declarative memory? |
Long-term memory Episodic and semantic memory Memory for information that consciously accessed (explicit) and can be described or reported (visual and verbal) |
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What is non-declarative memory? |
Long-term memory Procedural memory The memory that is usually accessed without awareness (implicit) and cannot be repeated |
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How does input become long-term memory? |
Using Attkinson & Shiffrin's Modal Model of Memory Input will go to a sensory system where it will filter things out This will go to short term memory where either it will be rehearesed, forgotten or stored in long-term memory |
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What is the primary function of sensory memories? |
Briefest memory system based on direct sensory stimulation from the environment
When someone is doing something, your sensory memory can hold onto memory long enough for you to finish what you are doing first, and then reply that memory for you to reply |
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TRUE or FALSE Different sensory modalities have different physical properties, so each sensory register has different qualities |
TRUE |
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TRUE or FALSE
When you see something, the iconic memory will hold onto that image longer that is actually exist |
TRUE |
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What is a memory icon? |
Longer-lasting mental representations Outlives stimulation and are never a direct representation of exact image |
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What is Sperling's Partial Report Condition? |
Participants were cued about which part of an array they should report When tone comes right after, patients have 80% accuracy As you increase delay in tone, performance starts to decrease towards whole report This suggestion that you are holding all the information but you are just not processing it |
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TRUE or FALSE Our eyes are constantly moving with fixations that last ~250 ms and saccades that take ~30 ms |
TRUE |
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TRUE or FALSE When long-term memory is brought up, it becomes short-term memory and processed as sensory |
TRUE |
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What are memory object files? |
Mental representations of an object They are generally not very detailed |
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How does mental representation work? |
There is interplay between memory system's object files that influence lower processing memories We lack ability to notice changes that are clear in our view because we have object files and schemas about how life works |
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What is change blindness? |
Refers to the inability to notice changes that occur in clear view of the observer Even when changes are larger and the observer knows they will occur |
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What is echoic memory? |
The sense memory for things that have just been heard |
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What is longer, echoic memory or iconic? |
Echoic by 1-3 seconds |
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What is short term memory (STM)? |
System involved in storing small amounts of information for a brief period of time |
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What is memory decay? |
Passive non-linear loss of information from a memory store due to passage of time |
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What is working memory? |
How long information stays in short term memory About 18 to 20 seconds long |
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What is wrong with Brown-Peterson Paradigm experiment on working memory? |
Although it shows passive decay, it appears that information was getting pushed out |
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What is interference? |
Refers to the idea that information interferes with, or in some way, hinders the retrieval of other information |
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What did Keppel and Underwood do? |
They used Brown-Peterson's results to determine if information is decaying or being pushed out
They looked at the first trial of each participant
Even with 18sec delay, there is no real change in performance
The reason for this: the participants gets tired or they are remembering other trigrams |
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How does trigram letter interference work? |
If you get one trigram that has T at beginning and T at middle or T at last, this can interfere with the information that you have already remembered or even trigrams of same letters In different order |
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What did George Miller argue regarding STM? |
Average STM capacity is about 7+- 2 (you can hold this many things in your head) |
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What did Luck and Vogel argue regarding STM?
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Average STM capacity is about 4 |
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What is memory chunking? |
Refers to combination of smaller units into larger, more meaningful units |
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How does chunking impact memory? |
Can increase the remember number of individual items |
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What aspect of STM handles visual stuff? |
The visuo-spatial sketchpad |
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What aspect of STM handles auditory stuff? |
Phonological loop |
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When trying to imagine a 3D object, how does its shape impact ability to visualize it? |
It takes longer when more angular rotations are needed |
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What makes up the phonological loop? |
Phonological storage and Articulatory rehearsal process |
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What is the capacity of the phonological storage? |
About 2 seconds |
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If someone talks faster, does that impact their memory? |
They have a larger working memory |
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TRUE or FALSE
Those who grew up with languages with longer words have slower working memory while those with slang have faster working memory |
TRUE |
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How does word length/complexity impact memory? |
Longer words are harder to memorize |
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When imaging a block F and tracing the corners while saying in or out, what is the fastest reaction time? A) Vocal B) Tapping C) Pointing |
A) |
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What does the central executive do? |
Inhibits automatic or "preopotent" responses Prevents you from doing naturally inclined things (like pressing a big flashy red button that says "DO NOT TOUCH!") Also binds information together from senses and puts it together, planning, decision making, problem solving and navigating solutions |
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How can you train your central executive? |
By doing meditations |
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What does the prefrontal cortex hold? |
Holds information during a delay |
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What happens if you have damage to the PFC? |
Inhibits the ability to hold an item in memory during a delay |
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What was Goldmn-Rakic Delayed Response Task? |
Show monkey where food is and not food
Close cage to create delay
Then open it and tell them to choose which one had food
Those had a damaged prefrontal cortex, they were unable to know which one had the food |
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What was the results of Ramirez and Beilock's anxiety experiment? |
Those who wrote/vent out their anxiety did (writing) a lot better Anxiety is taking up working memory usage so you are not working optimally |
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What was a problem in Ramirez and Beilock's anxiety experiment? |
How do you know what writing actually decreases anxiety, why not that it is just keeping brain active while the control is just getting bored (losing arousal)? |
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What did researchers do to demonstrate that short term memory loss was not just due to decay?
A) Have participants count backwards by 3, therefore eliminating rehearsal
B) Look at only the first trial, demonstrating sustained STM over 18sec
C) Have participants recall groups of fruit, and for last trial change the group to professions
D) Demonstrated, that by semantically grouping words, you can increase STM capacity |
B) |
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You and your friend Laurie, are talking about how babies learn. Your friend Laurie believes that babies are able to learn language because the inherent structure of language is preprogrammed into our minds. You recommend to Laurie that she should read work by _____, as they think very similarly
A) Aristotle
B) John Locke
C) Watson
D) Plato
E) None of the above |
D) |
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What was unique about the patient studies of HM & Clive Wearing? |
They could not form long-term memories but their STM was fine
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What was unique about the patient study of KF? |
Was able to form long-term memories for visual but not audio |
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TRUE or FALSE You have better STM span for words than non-words |
TRUE |
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What does this phrase mean/indicate: "Major code for LTM is semantic?" |
LTM love meaning
Personal/emotionalmeaning onto a memory will make it easier to recall compared to something youpersonally do not enjoy/want |
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What did Sachs semantics study suggest? |
Sachshad people come in and hear a story (long passage) They had given sentences and tell which passage it came from How good the patients were at testing whether it was in the story Sachs argued with these that when you put something into your memory, it is all about the meaning of the event It is about semantics |
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What is Proportion of Recall? |
How likely you were able to say something that was exactly from a passage
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What is the serial position curve? |
If you give people words to memorize and ask them to recall, the words given in the beginning and end were better recalled than words given in the middle |
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Why does the serial position curve occur? |
The first words are given more reason to review those few words compared to mid/end Regency effect is because it is in the short term memory You have to recall it and still able to grab with decay and interference |
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What did Rundus discover when doing his own serial position curve experiment? |
He had the repeat words and measure how often Constant repetition gave long term benefits |
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When you increase the speed of things required to be memorized, do you keep more or less in STM? |
Less
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What is proactive interference? |
Things remember before (in LTM) interfere with current information (STM) |
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How can you remove proactive interference? |
Grouping things can remove this |
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What is significant about the patient study of HM? |
He had hos medial temporal lobe removed bilaterally at the age of 27 to treat epilepsy Because of this, he suffered from anterograde and retrograde amnesia which is the lost of ability to form new long-term memories while retaining function of STM |
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How did HM's case help indicate that memory is not homogeneous? |
They gave him a list of 15 numbers and ask him to remember it
Told him to remember 5 min (but they forgot about him and left him for hours)
He recalled and rehearsed the numbers for hours because they always felt new to him
This showed the difference between declarative and non-declarative memory |
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What did HM's memory-tracing task show? |
Had himdo this 10 times a day First trail did really bad As he started doing it more and more, he is getting better Then bring him in next day Ask if he done it and he says no Then he do it and he is better For hiscomposition for his ability He was not doing composition on purpose but he was aware that something is wrong with his memory |
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TRUE or FALSE You can translate visual memory into auditory memory |
TRUE |
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What is episodic memory? |
Acquired in single exposure (experiences only happen once)
Spatial and temporal information (where time and place matters)
Tends to weak with continuous exposure
AKA Mental time travel |
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What is semantic memory? |
Strengthened through repetition Facts Generally no contextual information |
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What was Klein, Loftus and Kihlstrom experiment on retrograde amnesia show? |
Becauseof her retrograde, she could not rely on memories that are less than 1 to 5 years old
Now she is processing episodic memory differently from controls
After she got better, to make sure she is just not special, out results were the same as controls |
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What is Korsakoff's Syndrome? |
Neurological disorder caused by the lack of thiamine (B1) Found in chronic alcoholics causing cerebral apathy Show both antero- and retrograde amnesia All damage done is permanent so treatment are meant to preventing further damage on the physical side |
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TRUE or FALSE Semantic memory can start out as episodic |
TRUE |
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TRUE or FALSE Semantic memory can be inhibited if associated with episodic memory |
FALSE Enhanced, not inhibited |
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What is cognitive priming? |
Occurs when the presentation of one stimulus changes the response to a subsequent stimulus
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TRUE or FALSE Priming can be perceptual Give example |
TRUE Tellpeople to ignore the first image they see and respond to the target If you show them an image as prime then same as target, they are faster to respond If you show a prime image and different target image, they respond slower |
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TRUE or FALSE Priming can be conceptual/semantic Give example |
TRUE |
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TRUE or FALSE Priming is both automatic and implicit |
TRUE |
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What do these results indicate? |
Primingbypasses memory which indicates automatic/implicit/reaction |
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In cognitive psychology, at what time frame is an action considered automatic and implicit? |
200ms |
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TRUE or FALSE Priming is a process of long and short term memory |
TRUE Though mostly feeds into LTM |
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What is open procedural memories? |
Predefine set of movements Set pattern of movements |
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What is closed procedural memories? |
Flexible Adaptation based on experience |
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What are Fitt's Three-Stage model of skill learning? |
1) Cognitive stage (performance based on verbalizable rules) 2) Associative stage (actions become stereotyped) 3) Autonomous stage (movements seem automatic) |
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Once a skill is learned, how does thinking about a specific component impact the performance? |
Impedes it's ability It is difficult to go backwards |
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What does activity in the left perirhinal cortex change when looking at faces? |
Greater activation in perirhinal cortex for familiar vs unfamiliar faces and objects |
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Which part of the brain is associated with cognitive maps? |
The entorhinal cortex |
