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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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developmental continuities
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ways in which we remain stable over time or continue to reflect our past
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developmental psychology
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branch of psych devoted to identifying and explaining the continuities and changes that individuals display over time
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developmentalist
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any scholar, regardless of discipline, who seeks to understand the developmental process (e.g., psychologists, biologists, sociologists, anthropologists, educators)
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maturation
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developmental changes in the body or behavior that result from the aging process rather than from learning, injury, illness, or some other life experience
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learning
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a relatively permanent change in behavior that results from one's experiences or practice
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normative development
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developmental changes that characterize most or all members of a species; typical patterns of development
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ideographic development
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individual variations in the rate, extent, or direction of development
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holistic perspective
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a unified view of the developmental process that emphasizes the important interrelationships among the physical, mental, social, and emotional aspects of human development
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prenatal period
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conception to birth
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infancy
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birth to 18 months
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toddlerhood
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18 months to 3 years
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preschool period
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3-5 yrs
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middle childhood
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5-12 yrs (until the onset of puberty)
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adolescence
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12-20 yrs (end of adolescence is the point at which one begins to work independently from parents)
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young adulthood
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20-40 yrs
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middle age
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40-65 yrs
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old age
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65+ yrs
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plasticity
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capacity for change; a developmental state that has the potential to be shaped by experience
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reliability
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the extent to which a measuring instrument yields consistent results, both over time and across observers
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validity
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the extent to which a measuring instrument accurately reflects what the researchers intended to measure
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structured interview
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a technique in which all participants are asked the same questions in precisely the same order so that the responses of different participants can be compared
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diary study
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a questionnaire method in which participants write answers to specific questions in a diary either at specified times or when prompted
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clinical method
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a type of interview in which a participant's response to each successive question determines what the investigator will ask next
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naturalistic observation
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a method in which the scientist tests hypotheses by observing people as they engage in everyday activities in their natural habitats
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observer influence
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tendency of participants to react to an observer's presence by behaving in unusual ways
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time-sampling
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a procedure in which the investigator record the frequencies with which individuals display particular behaviors during the brief time intervals each is observed
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structured observation
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an observational method in which the investigator cues the behavior of interest and observes participants' responses in a lab
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case study
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a research method in which the investigator gathers extensive info about the life of an individual and then tests developmental hypotheses by analyzing the events of the person's life history
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ethnography
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method in which the researcher seeks to undertsand the unique values, traditions, and social processes of a culture or subculture by living with its members and making extensive observations and notes
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psychophysiological methods
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methods that measure the relationships between physiological processes and aspects of children's physical, cognitive, social, or emotional behavior/development
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correlational design
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a type of research design that indicates the strength of associations among variables; though correlated variables are systematically related, these relationships are not necessarily causal
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correlation coefficient
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a numerical index, ranging from -1.00 to +1.00, of the strength and direction of the relationship between to variables
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experimental design
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a research design in which the investigator introduces some change in the participant's environment and then measures the effect of that change on the participant's behavior
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independent variable
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the aspect of the environment that an experimenter modifies or manipulates in order to measure its impact on behavior
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dependent variable
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the aspect of behavior that is measured in an experiment and assumed to be under the control of the independent variable
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confounding variables
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some factor other than the independent variable that, if not controlled by the experimenter, could explain any differences across treatment conditions in participants' performance on the dependent variable
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experimental control
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steps take by an experimenter to ensure that all extraneous factors that could influence the dependent variables are roughly equivalent in each experimental condition
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random assignment
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a control technique in which participants are assigned to experimental conditions through an unbiased procedure so that the members of the groups are not systematically different from one another
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ecological validity
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state of affairs in which the findings of one's research are an accurate representation of processes that occur in the natural environment
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field experiment
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and experiment that takes place in a naturalistic setting such as home, school, or a playground
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natural experiment
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a study in which the investigator measures the impact of some naturally occurring event that is assumed to affect people's lives
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cross-cultural comparison
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a study that compares the behavior and/pr development of people from different cultural or subcultural backgrounds; this study guards against the overgeneralization of research findings
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cross-sectional design
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a research design in which subjects from different age groups are studied at the same point in time
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cohort
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a group of people of the same age who are exposed to similar cultural environments and historical events as they are growing up
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cohort effect
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age-related difference among cohorts that is attributable to cultural/historical differences in cohorts' growing-up experiences rather than to true developmental change
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longitudinal design
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a research design in which one group of subjects is studied repeatedly over a period of months or years
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practice effect
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changes in participants' natural responses as a result of repeated testing
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selective attrition
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nonrandom loss of participants during a study that results in a nonrepresentative sample
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nonrepresentative sample
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a subgroup that differs in important ways from the larger group (or population) to which it belongs
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cross-generational problem
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the fact that long-term changes in the environment may limit conclusions of a longitudinal project to that generation of children who were growing up while the study was in progress
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cross-generational problem
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the fact that long-term changes in the environment may limit conclusions of a longitudinal project to that generation of children who were growing up while the study was in progress
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sequential design
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a research design in which subjects from different age groups are studied repeatedly over a period of months or years
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microgenetic design
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a research design in which participants are studied intensively over a short period of time as developmental changes occur; attempts to specify how or why those changes occur
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benefits-to-risks ratio
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a comparison of the possible benefits of a study for advancing knowledge and optimizing life conditions versus its costs to participants in terms of inconvenience and possible harm
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confidentiality
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the right of participants to concealment of their identity with respect to the data that they provide
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protection from harm
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the right of research participants to be protected from physical or psychological harm
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