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11 Cards in this Set
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Markus 1977: Self-Schemas
Info on more accessible attributes more readily and efficiently processed
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quicker rxn time -> more accessible
->depend. describes self in terms of rln w/ others more than terms like I'm smart etc.
-> indep. picked depen. terms equally but took longer in picking them |
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Organization of Self-Knowledge
Linville 1985-87
Self-complexity - look at yourself and everything around you connected or your rln with each thing is individual, indep. struggle more from failing |
expt. organize personality traits of self into as few or as many categories, many traits, low overlap b/t groups = high s-c score - then subject listed struggles w/in past 2 weeks, and came bk 2 weeks later to list struggles in the 2 weeks before that mtg -> high self complexity = resilient low self complex. = more depressed |
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Cialdini - Social Comparison
Birging - pride in other's success
Corfing - shame/distancing due to other's failure |
Tesser 1986 - success of those similar to us can cause envy tho
Festinger 1954 - most of social comparison due to informational influence (ie. description of self is via comparison to others and relative) |
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Goethals & Darley 1977
Distinguish beliefs vs values
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compare values w/ similar person
compare beliefs w/ dissimilar person
-> informative when diff. person has same belief |
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Need for high self-esteem: 2 theories:
represents if we have other ppl's approval and we connect w/ them
terror management theory -> see self as valued memb. of society helps cope w/ thought of death - greenberg, solomon 1997 |
Benefits of self esteem: more: persistence, sleep, optimistic, confidence, clear sense of self
less: ulcers, conformity to pressure, depressed |
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Campbell 1990
asked high/low s-e ppl to rate selves on various dimensions |
Results:
hi- esteem less std dev. than low-esteem but mean same, ie. more variance - not sure of self |
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Baumeister, Heatherton, & Tice (1993)
ask hi/low s-e ppl to do tasks |
hi- tended to set appropriate goals and performed effectively but were prone to ego-threat, set impossibly high goal for self, led to less payoff, since couldn't achieve goal, than low s-e ppl |
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Self-awareness theory
Duval & Wicklund (1972) |
inc. self-awareness (if a mirror in room) leads to:
a) inc. in -ve self-discrepancies b) temp. dec. in self esteem |
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Macrae & colleagues 1998 |
ppl less likely to use stereotypes when they see themselves (self-awareness raises) |
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Self-efficacy & Perceived control
Rodin & Lanker, 1977 |
Let ppl at old age home take control of their daily routines, found ppl who chose when to do what lived longer than those who followed a routine set by others |
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Self efficacy beliefs
a) foundation for motivation, health, accompl.
b) critical for self regulation |
b) belief of 1's ability more predictive of behaviour than their actual capability
- higher self-efficacy = inc. belief in self ability to ctrl sit. therefore persist and put in more effort
mastery & vicarious exp., social persuasions, somatic & emotional states -> create self-efficacy beliefs |
