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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Psychology
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The science that studies behavior and mental processes
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Adjustment
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Processes by which people respond to enviromental pressures and cope with stress
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Gene
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The basic unit of heredity, consisting of a segment of deoxyribonnucleic acid (DNA)
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Chromosome
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A strand of DNA that consists of genes. People normally have 23 paris of chromosomes.
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Ethic Groups
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Groups of people who can be distinguished by characteristics such as their cultural heritage, common history, race and language
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Gender
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The state of being female or being male.
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Critical Thinking
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An approach to thinking characterized by skepticism and thoughtful analysis of statements, and arguments
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Psuedoscience
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A method or system that claims to have a scientific basis but does not, such as astrology. A false sham science
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Barnum Effect
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The tendency of people to accept overgeneralized descriptions of personality as accurate appraisals of their own personalities
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Scientific Method
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A method for obtaining scientific evidence in which a hypothesis is formed and tested
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Hypothesis
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a specific prediction about behavior or mental sprocesses that is tested through research
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Correlation
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a statistaical association or relationship between variables.
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Causation
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one variable directly causes or influences another
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Replicate
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Repeat, reproduce, copy
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Case Study Method
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A method of research based on a carefully drawn biography obtained through interviews, questionaires, or phychological tests
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Social Desirability Bias
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The tendency for people to respond in sociallly desirable ways.
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Surveys
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A means of information gathering by which large numbers of individuals are interviewed or asked to complete questionaires in order to learn about their attitudes or behaviors
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Generalize
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To extend from the particular to the general; to apply observations based ona sample to a population
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Sample
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Part of a population selected for research
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Stratified Sample
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A sample drawn such that know subgroups within a population are represented in proportion to their numbers in the population
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Random Sample
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A sample drawn such that every member of a population has an equal chance of being selected
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Volunteer Bias
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A source of bias or error in research that reflects the prospect that people who offer to participate in research studies differ systematically from people who do not
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Naturalistic Observation
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A scientific method in which organisms are observed in their natural environments.
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Unobtrusive Measures
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Research measures that do not interfere with the subject's behavior
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Correlational Method
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A scientific method that studies the relationships between variables
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Correlation Coefficient
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A number between +1.00 and
-1.00 that expresses the strength and direction (positive or negative) of the relationship between two variables |
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Positive Correlation
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A relationship between variables in which one variable increases as the other also decreases
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Negative Correlation
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A relationship between two variables in which one variable increases as the other decreases
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Experimental Method
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A scientific method that seeks to confirm or discover cause and effect relationships by introducing independent variables and observing their effects on dependent variables
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Independent Variable
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A condition in a scientific study that is manipulated so that its effects may be observed
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Dependent Variable
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A measure of an assumed effect of an independent variable
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Treatment
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(in experiments) a condition received by participants so that it's effects may be observed
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Random Assignment
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A procedure for randomly assigning subjects to experimental or control groups
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Experimental Group
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A group of subjectswho receive a treatment in an experiment
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Control Group
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A group of subjects in an experiemtn whose members do not obtain treatment, whil eother conditions held constant. Therefore, one may conclude that group differences following treatment result from the treatment
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Placebo
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A bogus treatment that has the appearance of being genuine
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Double-blind Studies
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Experiments in which neither the subjects nor the researchers know who has been given teh treatment and who has not
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