Psy2031 W9 - Memory Systems

Front 1

Learning & Memory are lifelong adaptions of brain circuitry to the _______.

Back 1

environment

Front 2

The acquisition of new information or knowledge is known as

Back 2

learning

Front 3

Memory is

Back 3

the retention of learned information

Front 4

Learning & memory allow us to respond appropriately to

Back 4

situations we have experienced before

Front 5

The memory for skills, behaviours and habits is known as...

Back 5

Procedural Memory

Front 6

Memory for facts and events is known as

Back 6

Declarative Memory

Front 7

Non decalratie memory is known as _____ because it results from direct experience.

Back 7

implicit

Front 8

Explicit memory results from _____ ____ and is also known as ____ _____.

Back 8

direct experience
declarative memoy

Front 9

Short term memories that last on the order of seconds to hours are vulnerable to ...

Back 9

disruption

Front 10

Memories that you can recall for days, months and years after they were originally stored as know as

Back 10

long term memories

Front 11

Nondeclarative or explicit memories result from conscious _____

Back 11

effort

Front 12

forming nondecalrative memories requires _____ and ______ over a longer period.

Back 12

repitition
practice

Front 13

Memory consolidation is the process of acquiring a long term memory directly from either

Back 13

short term memories or sensory information

Front 14

the maximum number of randomly chosen numbers a person can repeat back after hearing a read list is known as

Back 14

digit span

Front 15

Amnesia is the serious loss of

Back 15

memory and/or ability to learn

Front 16

What are some common causes of amnesia?

Back 16

Chronic Alcoholism
Trauma
Brain Tumour
Concussion
Encephalitis
Stroke

Front 17

Which is more common complete amnesia or amnesia limited amnesia along with other nonmemory deficits?

Back 17

Limited amnesia

Front 18

If amnesia is not accompanied by any other cognitive deficit it is know as

Back 18

dissociated amnesia

Front 19

Retrograde amnesia is characterised by

Back 19

memory loss for events before the trauma

Front 20

Anterograde amnesia is characterised by

Back 20

inability to form new memories following brain trauma

Front 21

A sudden onset on anterograde amnesia that lasts onl for a period of minutes to days, often accompanied by retrograde amnesia for recents events preceeding the attacks is known as

Back 21

transient global amnesia

Front 22

The physical representation or location of a memory is called an ______, also known as a ____ ____.

Back 22

endogram
memory trace

Front 23

Lashleys emperiments with rats inspored research into the ways memories might be

Back 23

distributed among a vast

Front 24

What are 2 of the symptoms of transient global amnesia?

Back 24

disoriented
ask same questions

Front 25

During an attack of Transient Global Amnesia a person is ______ and has normal ____ ____, but afterwards is left with a ____ _____ ____.

Back 25

conscious
digit span
permanent memory gap

Front 26

The major weakness in Lashleys experiments was the size of the

Back 26

brain lesions

Front 27

Cell assembley refers to the

Back 27

simultaneous activation of neurons

Front 28

Which scientist coined the idea of cell assembly?

Back 28

Donald Hebb

Front 29

Hebb hypothesised that persitent activation of the cell assembly led to

Back 29

consolidation

Front 30

Hebb's idea that consolidation lead to a growth process that made reciprocal connections more effective can be phased as

Back 30

neurons that fire together wire together

Front 31

Hebb's ideas stimulated the development of

Back 31

neural network computer models

Front 32

What were Hebb's 2 ideas about the endogram?

Back 32

1. it could be widely distributed
2. it could involve the same neurons as sensation and perception

Front 33

The high-order visual area in the inferior temporal lobe is called the

Back 33

Inferotemporal Cortex (IT)

Front 34

Lesions in the IT in monkeys led to reduced abilty for visual discrimination suggesting that the IT is both a visual area and an area involved in

Back 34

memory storage

Front 35

Working memory requires...

Back 35

rehearsal

Front 36

Amnesia usually consists of both

Back 36

retrograde and anterograde

Front 37

TGA stands for

Back 37

Transient Global Amnesia

Front 38

In macaques a lesion to the IT results in the loss of ability to remember the association to in food in the

Back 38

discrimination task

Front 39

Lesions to IT impairs the _______ _____ despite an intact _____ _____.

Back 39

discrimination task
visual system

Front 40

Removal of temporal lobes in HM had no effect on

Back 40

perception, intelligence or personality

Front 41

Removal of temporal lobes in HM resulted in ______ ______ so profound cannot perform basic human activities, and partial ________ _______.

Back 41

anterograde amnesia
retrograde amnesia

Front 42

Removal of temporal lobes in HM impaired ______ ______, but spared ________ __________ (mirror drawing)

Back 42

declarative memory
procedural memory

Front 43

Memory required in the DNMS task has been called ______ ______ because it involves the ability to judge whether a stimulus has been seen before.

Back 43

recognition memory

Front 44

Medial temporal lobes are critical for the

Back 44

consolidation of memory

Front 45

Inferotemporal (IT) cortex in monkeys responds best to _____ with little response to ____-____stimuli

Back 45

faces
non-face

Front 46

Temporal lobe damage in humans results in

Back 46

prosopagnosia.

Front 47

Fusiform face area (FFA) responds best to

Back 47

faces

Front 48

Parahippocampal place area (PPA) responds best to spatial layout.

Back 48

spatial layout.

Front 49

Extrastriate body area (EBA) responds best to pictures of

Back 49

full bodies and body parts.

Front 50

FFA stands for

Back 50

Fusiform Face Area

Front 51

PPA stands for

Back 51

Parahippocampal Place Area

Front 52

EBA stands for

Back 52

Extrastriate Body Area

Front 53

In Penfields experiments, electrical stimulation of the human temporal lobe resulted in reports of

Back 53

hallucinations and recall of past experiences

Front 54

What is the caveat of Penfields experiments?

Back 54

they were conducted of patients with epilepsy

Front 55

What part of HM's brain was excised?

Back 55

temporal cortex

Front 56

What are the three most important structures in the brain for complex declarative memory consolidation?

Back 56

1. Hippocampus
2. Rhineal Cortex
3. Parahippocampal cortex

Front 57

What is the input into the medial temporal lobe?

Back 57

behaviourally important complex perceptual information

Front 58

DNMS stands for

Back 58

Delayed non-match to sample

Front 59

In the DNMS task normal monkeys are quick to learn the task and can remember the object after up to

Back 59

10 hours of delay

Front 60

A lesion in the medial temporal lobe of monkeys results in poorer performance on the DNMS task after a

Back 60

8-10 second delay

Front 61

The greater the lesion in the medial temporal lobe the greater the _____ in performance on the DNMS task

Back 61

deficit

Front 62

What are the three main regions of the diencephalon?

Back 62

the anterior and dorsomedial nuclei in the thalamus and the mammillary bodies in the hypothalamus

Front 63

The main output of the hippocampal formation is a bundle of axons making up the ____.

Back 63

fornix

Front 64

The similarities in the effectsof medial temporal and diencephalic lesions suggests that these interconnected areas are part of a system serving the common function of

Back 64

memory consolidation

Front 65

N.A. suffered a lesion to his

Back 65

left dorsomedial thalamus

Front 66

Korsakoff's syndrome is characterised by

Back 66

confusion, confabulations, sever memory impairment and apathy

Front 67

Korsakoff's syndrome results from

Back 67

untreated thiamin deficiency

Front 68

Thiamin deficiency causes ____ _____ _____ that results in the development of Korsakoff's Syndrome

Back 68

structural brain damage

Front 69

As a results of poor nutrition Alcoholics may develop a

Back 69

thiamin deficiency

Front 70

NO stong correlation exists between the severity of _______ amnesia and ______ amnesia in Korsakoff's Syndrome.

Back 70

anterograde
retrograde

Front 71

Rats with hippocampal lesions never go down the ______ arms but never efficiently learn to go down the ____ arms in the RAM

Back 71

unbaited
baited

Front 72

RAM stands for

Back 72

Radial Arm Maze

Front 73

A neuron in a rat hippocampus that responds only when the animal is in a certain region is called a

Back 73

place cell

Front 74

Place cells fire when an animal is in a

Back 74

specific place

Front 75

The responses of place cells are related to where the animal

Back 75

thinks it is

Front 76

If there are obvious visual cues the place cells with be based on ____ ____. If no visual cues then place cells are based on where the animal ___ ___ ____.

Back 76

visual cues
thinks it is

Front 77

Whether or not there are place cells in the human brain is not

Back 77

known yet

Front 78

Experiments using a virtual town results in in crease brain activity associated with spatial navigate was observed in the _____ _____ and the _____.

Back 78

right hippocampus and caudate

Front 79

London taxi drivers have been shown to have larger ________ than normal people

Back 79

hippocampuses

Front 80

Striatum =

Back 80

caudate nucleus + putamen

Front 81

Lesions to the striatum disrupts

Back 81

procedural memory

Front 82

The modifed radial arm maze (RAM) uses lights so the rats form an association between lights and food through the use of

Back 82

procedural memory

Front 83

Modified RAM relies on ____ but not _____. Standard RAM relies on _____ but not _____. This is called a _____ ______.

Back 83

striatum
hippocampus
hippocampus
striatum
double dissociation

Front 84

Parkinson's patients show that the human _____ plays a role in procedural memory

Back 84

striatum

Front 85

Huntington's disease attacks the

Back 85

striatum cortex

Front 86

The function of the prefrontal cortex is ___ ____ and the capacity for _____ and _____ _____.

Back 86

self awareness
planning
problem solving

Front 87

What is the most obvious difference between primates and other mammals?

Back 87

large prefrontal cortex

Front 88

Lesions in the prefrontal cortex causes people to have difficulty

Back 88

planning and organising behaviour

Front 89

In the winconsin card sorting test people with problems associated with the prefrontal cortex have difficulty ont his task when the

Back 89

sorting category/rules change

Front 90

The prefrontal cortex is associated with problems in ______ memory.

Back 90

working

Front 91

The Lateral Intraparietal Cortex is located in the _____ lobe and is implicated in ____ memory.

Back 91

parietial
working

Front 92

LIP stands for

Back 92

Lateral Intraparietal Cortex

Front 93

LIP =

Back 93

Area 6

Front 94

The delayed-saccade task implicates the

Back 94

LIP

Front 95

Learning and memory are spread

Back 95

across the brain

Front 96

Declarative memory depends n the

Back 96

hippocampus

Front 97

Nondeclarative memory involves the

Back 97

striatum

Front 98

Working memory implicates the

Back 98

Prefrontal lobe and Lateral intraparietal cortex (LIP)

Front 99

The endogram involves a ____ of _____

Back 99

network of cells

Front 100

Time causes memory to become

Back 100

robust