Psy2031 - W7 - Sleep

Front 1

What are the four biological rythyms?

Back 1

1. Annual (seasonal)
2. Infradian (> 24 hours)
3. Ultradian (< 24 hours)
4. Circadian (daily)

Front 2

An EEG is a measurement that enables us to glimpse the ....

Back 2

generalised activity of the cerebral cortex

Front 3

What does EEG stand for?

Back 3

Electroencephalogram

Front 4

It takes many ____ of underlying neurons activated together to generate an EEG signal.

Back 4

thousands

Front 5

EEG readings are usually a few tens of _____ (uv) in amplitude

Back 5

microvolts

Front 6

An EEG measures small voltage fluctuations between select ____ of _____ .

Back 6

pairs of electrodes

Front 7

The voltages generated during an EEG reading are usually derived from the currents that flow during ___ _____ of the dendrites of the cerebral cortex.

Back 7

synaptic excitation

Front 8

Synchronous neuron activity is when a groups of cells are excited ______.

Back 8

simultaneously

Front 9

______ neuron activity is required for a reading on an EEG

Back 9

synchronous

Front 10

The ______ of an EEG signal usually refers how synchronous the underlying activity is.

Back 10

amplitude

Front 11

MEG stand for

Back 11

magnoenchephalography

Front 12

An MEG is an alternative way to record rhythms of the ____ _____ and it measures the strength of the _____ ______.

Back 12

cerebral cortex
magnetic field

Front 13

MEG is superior to the EEG in localising the sources of ___ ___ int he brain

Back 13

neural activity

Front 14

The EEG and MEG measure the activity of the neurons while the fMRI and PET detect changes in ____ ____ or ______.

Back 14

blood flow
metabolism

Front 15

EEG rhythms vary dramatically and often correlate with changes in ____ or _____.

Back 15

behaviour or pathology

Front 16

EEG rhythms are categorised by their ____ ____.

Back 16

frequency range

Front 17

What are the four EEG rhythms and their corresponding frequency range?

Back 17

1. Beta >14 hz
2. Alpha 8-13 hz
3. Theta 4-7 hz
4. Delta <4 hz

Front 18

BEta are the _____, Alpha is associated with ____, _____ states, Theta occur during some ___ states and Delta are the ____ and the hallmark of ____ _____.

Back 18

fastest
quiet, waking
sleep
slowest
deep sleep

Front 19

Low-frequency, high amplitude rhythms are associated with _________ ______ states or the pathological state of a ____.

Back 19

nondreaming sleep
coma

Front 20

A _____ seizure involves the entire cerebral cortex

Back 20

generalised

Front 21

A _____seizure involves only a circumscribed are of the cortex.

Back 21

partial

Front 22

A seizure is the most extreme form of ________ brain activity

Back 22

synchronous

Front 23

When a person experiences repeated seizures this is know as

Back 23

epilepsy

Front 24

Different types of seizures have different _____ _____

Back 24

underlying mechanisms

Front 25

During generalised seizures _______ is lost while all muscles groups may be driven by ____ or _____ patterns or both.

Back 25

consciousness
tonic
clonic

Front 26

Absence seizures occur during ____ and consist of less than ___ secs of generalised waves accompanied by a loss of ______.

Back 26

childhood
30
consciousness

Front 27

The motor signs of absence seizures are strangely subtle and may consist of _______ ____ or a _____ ____.

Back 27

fluttering eyelids
twitching mouth

Front 28

We spend __ ____ of our lives asleep and ___ ____ of that dreaming

Back 28

one third
one quarter

Front 29

A readily reversible state of reduced responsiveness to, and interaction with, the environment is known as ?

Back 29

sleep

Front 30

REM stands for

Back 30

rapid eye movement

Front 31

What are the two main types of sleep?

Back 31

REM and non-REM

Front 32

During which type of sleep do we dream?

Back 32

REM

Front 33

During non-REM sleep muscle tension throughout the body is ____ and movement is _____.

Back 33

reduced
minimal

Front 34

During non-REM sleep the PNS and ANS ____ _____, while the digestive processes ____ _____.

Back 34

slow down
speed up

Front 35

Non-REM sleep is characterised by a ____, ____-amplitude EEG rhythms.

Back 35

slow, large-amplitude

Front 36

On an EEG REM sleep rhythms look almost indistinguishable from that of an _____ _____ brain with fast low voltage fluctuations.

Back 36

active waking

Front 37

Oxygen consumption of the brain is higher during REM or waking state?

Back 37

REM

Front 38

What is the paralysis that occurs during REM sleep called?

Back 38

atonia

Front 39

During REM the burst of rapid eye movements are the best predictors of ______

Back 39

dreaming

Front 40

During REM seep the body temp ____ heart and respiration ____ and become _____ and the clitoris and penis become _______ with _____.

Back 40

lowers
increases
irregular
engorged
blood

Front 41

Sleep cycles are an example of an _____ rhythms.

Back 41

ultradian

Front 42

Describe the 5 stages of sleep?

Back 42

Stage 1: lightest lasts a few minutes
Stage 2: light lasts 5 to 15 minutes, characterised by sleep spindle
Stage 3: large amp slow delta rhythms absent eye and body movement
Stage 4: deepest sleep 20 -40 minutes
REM: fast EEG beta rhythms and sharp frequent eye movements

Front 43

The _____ ______ occurs during stage 2 sleep and is the occasional 8-14 hz oscillation of the EEG generated by the thalamic pacemaker.

Back 43

Sleep Spindle

Front 44

Over the duration of a nights sleep stages 3 & 4 length ____ and ____ increases.

Back 44

decrease
REM

Front 45

The average amount of required sleep per night for adults is ___ hours with a range of ___ to ___ hours.

Back 45

7.5
5-10

Front 46

REM sleep lasts an average of ___ minutes and become ___ throughout the night.

Back 46

90
longer

Front 47

The SCN is a mammals _____ _____.

Back 47

biological clock

Front 48

The SCN synchronises with circadian rhythms through the retinahypothalamic tract where axons from ganglian cells in the retina synapse directly on the dendrites of the ____ _____.

Back 48

SCN neurons

Front 49

Melanopsin is a photopigment expressed form the light sensitive ____ ___ in the retina whose axons send a signal directly to the ____

Back 49

ganglion cell
SCN

Front 50

The SCN stands for

Back 50

suprachiasmatic nucei

Front 51

The SCN continues to maintain a rhythm even when action potentials are prevented by the application of ______ to the SCN nuclei.

Back 51

tetrodotoxin (TTX)

Front 52

What does TTX stand for?

Back 52

tetrodotoxin

Front 53

Environmental times cues are collectively termed?

Back 53

zeitgebers

Front 54

When mammals are completely deprived of zeitgebers they settle into a rhythms of activity and rest that often has a period period more or less that 24 hours their rhythms are said to ___-____.

Back 54

free-run

Front 55

Daily cycles of daylight and darkness that result formt he spin of the earth are known as...

Back 55

circadian rhythms

Front 56

_____ also know as sleepwalking peaks at around age ____.

Back 56

somnambulism
11

Front 57

The S&C processes interact to regulate the ____/_____ cycle.

Back 57

sleep/wake

Front 58

The reciprocal interaction model regulates the ____ and ____ sleep cycle.

Back 58

REM and non-REM

Front 59

In the reciprocal interaction model during non-REM ____ and ____ fire to inhibit the production of ____ which induces _____.

Back 59

5HT and NE
ACh
REM

Front 60

ACh stands for

Back 60

Acetylcholine

Front 61

The REM off cells are ___ and ___ while hte REM on cell is ____.

Back 61

5HT and NE
ACh

Front 62

What is the name of the hazardous condition, usually affecting elderly men, whereby they act out their commonly violent dreams?

Back 62

REM sleep behaviour disorder

Front 63

The basis for REM sleep behaviour disorder is usually caused by a disruption of the brain stem systems that normally mediate ___ ____.

Back 63

REM atonia

Front 64

Adenosine levels gradually ____ during sleep. Adensosine has an ____ effect on 5HT, NE & ACh.

Back 64

decrease
inhibitory

Front 65

Melatonin is a ___ secreted at ___ and by the ____ body.

Back 65

hormone
night
pineal

Front 66

It is thought that melatonin helps ____ and ____ sleep

Back 66

initiate and maintain

Front 67

Melatonin levels rise in the _____, peak in the _____ _____ and reach ______ levels by the time we awaken

Back 67

evening
early morning
baseline