Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What does an Ethologist do?
|
Study the behavior of animals in their natural habitat.
|
|
|
What is a reflex?
|
An automatic response to a stimulus.
|
|
|
Does it (reflexes) require learning? Give an example.
|
They don't require learning. However, experience is needed to learn new skills (reading, writing, riding a bicycle).
|
|
|
What is habituation?
|
The simplest form of learning. Becoming familiar with a stimulus as a result of repeated exposure.
|
|
|
What is the key concept in classical conditioning?
|
Association, a tendency to connect events that other together in space or time.
|
|
|
UR?
|
Unconditioned response, like the salivary reflex.
|
|
|
US?
|
Unconditioned stimulus, like food in the mouth.
|
|
|
CS?
|
Conditioned stimulus, like the ringing of the bell, which was originally a neutral stimulus.
|
|
|
CR?
|
Conditioned response, like salivation because of the bell's association with food.
|
|
|
Neutral Stimulus
|
A stimulus that does not naturally elicit a response.
|
|
|
What must happen for a CR to be acquired?
|
There must be a number of paired trials for the acquisition of a CR.
|
|
|
What is extinction?
|
The apparent reversal of learning, which occurs if the CS is presented often enough without the reward.
|
|
|
What is stimulus generalization?
|
The tendency to respond to a stimuli other than the original CS.
|
|
|
What is discrimination learning?
|
The process of distinguishing between objects or things that are similar.
|
|
|
What is biological preparedness?
|
Being biologically programmed by evolution to learn some associations more easily than others.
|
|
|
What did Watson & Rayner's "Little Albert" experiment show?
|
People can fear objects or places due to associating bad experiences with them.
|
|
|
What did E.L. Thorndike contribute to our understanding of learning?
|
Law of effect: behaviors that are followed closely by a reward are repeated.
|
|
|
What is the key concept in understanding operant conditioning?
|
There is learning between an action and its consequence, similar to behaviorism.
|
|
|
What are the differences between position and negative reinforcement and punishment?
|
Positive reinforcement: hugs, kisses, good grades, strengthens a response through a positive stimulus.
Negative: Painful electric shock Punishment: Decreases likelihood of a prior response. |
|
|
What happens to the frequency of/enjoyment of a task if a person already likes it and additional reinforcers are added?
|
They produce less creative work and have less interest if they were given rewards for doing the task; children playing with markers played less when being told they would get a reward for them.
|
|
|
What is the Bandua/Bobo Doll experiment?
|
An adult assaulted a blow-up doll for 10 minutes in the presence of a child. The child who witnessed the aggression was much more likely to repeat the actions of the adult.
|
|
|
What do studies such as the Bandura/Bobo Doll show us?
|
That observational learning is very present. People are much more likely to do something if they witness others do it first.
|
|
|
What is vicarious reinforcement?
|
People are more likely to imitate models who are rewarded for their behavior and less likely to imitate those who are punished.
|
|
|
What is instinctive drift?
|
Returning to species-specific behavior patterns.
|
|
|
What are some practical applications of learning principles?
|
Dolphins are trained to locate explosive mines in the water, pigeons are used to spot survivors lost at sea by recognizing the orange vests.
|
|
|
Intrinsic Motivation
|
An inner drive that motivates people regardless of a reward or punishment.
|
|
|
Extrinsic Motivation
|
The desire to participate in an activity for money, recognition, or other tangible benefits.
|
|
|
What is an iconic image?
|
A snapshot of previous images stored that appear to be a whole image.
|
|
|
How long does iconic memory last?
|
A fraction of a second.
|
|
|
Data is passed to short-term memory if and only if what happens?
|
The data is encoded.
|
|
|
What is semantic encoding?
|
The meaning of a sentence as a whole.
|
|
|
Magic # for STM capacity?
|
7 items
|
|
|
What is the duration of STM?
|
20 seconds
|
|
|
How do you hold info in STM for short periods of time? What must you do?
|
Either chunk the information or repeat it.
|
|
|
Procedural vs. Declarative Memory
|
Procedural: Learned habits and skills.
Declarative: Facts about the world, and facts about ourselves. |
|
|
What is an engram?
|
A physical trace of memory.
|
|
|
Who was H.M.? What happened to him? What ability was impaired?
|
Hippocampus was removed, and he could no longer form long-term memories.
He had seizures and underwent surgery. |
|
|
What structures play a role in the formation of new memories?
|
Hippocampus, amygdala, and thalamus.
|
|
|
What neurotransmitter has been implicated in Alzheimer's Disease?
|
Acetylcholine (ACH)
|
|
|
What effect has glucose been shown to have on memory?
|
It has been shown to improve memory.
|
|
|
Free Recall vs. Recognition
|
Free recall is reproducing memory without external cues.
Recognition is remembering items from a list of alternatives. |
