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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Broaden & Build Theory |
Happiness predisposes us to think more openly (big picture) |
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Durability Bias |
Belief that our mood, whether good or bad, will last longer than it actually will |
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Hedonic Treadmill |
Tendency for mood to adapt to external circumstances |
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Positive Illusion |
People may see themselves more positively than others do |
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Drive Reduction Theory |
People are motivated to minimize states of hunger, thirst, and sexual frustration in an attempt to maintain a level of psychological homeostasis; strength of drive is affected by arousal |
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Yerkes-Dodson Law |
An inverted u-shaped relationship between arousal and performance; optimal performance is at medium arousal |
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Intrinsic/Extrinsic Motivation |
Intrinsic motivation is what we want to do, whereas extrinsic motivation is what we are rewarded to do |
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Sexual Response Cycle (4 Phases) |
(1) Excitement - Physiological changes can be observed (2) Plateau - Sexual tension builds (3) Orgasm/Climax - Involuntary rhythmic contractions in genitals (4) Resolution - Relaxation and sense of well-being felt |
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Influences on Interpersonal Attraction |
Proximity Similarity Reciprocity Physical Attraction |
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Types of Love (Hatfield & Rapson) |
Passionate (Powerful, overwhelming longing for one's partner) Compassionate (Sense of deep friendship and fondness for one's partner) |
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Triangular Theory of Love (Sternberg) |
Intimacy Passion Commitment |
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Discrete Emotions Theory |
There are seven universal primary emotions (happiness, disgust, fear, sadness, surprise, anger, and contempt) that combine to create complex secondary emotions
Emotions (limbic system) precede thought (cortex) |
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Display Rules |
When and how to express emotion; varies across cultures |
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Duchenne/Pan-Am Smile |
Duchenne: Genuine, marked by squinting of eyes Pan-Am: Fake |
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James-Lange Theory |
Emotion results from our interpretations of our bodily reactions to stimuli |
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Cannon-Bard Theory |
An emotion-provoking event leads to a simultaneous emotional and bodily reaction |
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Somatic Marker |
People use their gut reactions to determine how they should act |
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Two-Factor Theory |
Stimuli induces undifferentiated arousal/alertness; people subconsciously attribute an emotion to this arousal |
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Facial Feedback Hypothesis |
People are more likely to experience emotions that correspond to their facial features (can become happier by forcing oneself to smile more often) |
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Nonverbal Leakage |
Unconscious expression of emotion in nonverbal behaviour (posture, gestures) |
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Emblems |
Culture-specific gestures, such as hand waving or nodding |
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Proxemics |
Study of personal space; public, social, personal, and intimate |
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Guilty Knowledge Test |
Brain fingerprinting; relies on the assumption that guilty people harbour knowledge that innocent people don't |
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Integrity Test |
Questionnaire designed to predict likelihood of employee theft/cheating |
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Sensory Capacity (Galton) |
Intelligence is marked by one's sensory abilities; this has been falsified |
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Abstract Thinking (Binet & Simon) |
Intelligence is marked by one's capacity to understand hypothetical concepts; foundation of the IQ test |
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Fluid/Crystallized Intelligence (Cattell & Horn) |
Fluid: Capacity to utilize new problem-solving strategies Crystallized: Accumulated knowledge/facts about the world Intelligence is a combination of the above |
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General/Specific Intelligence (Spearman) |
General (g): Hypothetical factor that accounts for overall differences in intellect amongst people Specific (s): Particular ability in a niche domain |
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Theory of Multiple Intelligences (Gardner) |
Frames of mind (verbal, spatial, musical, naturalist, logical, kinaesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, existential) are different ways of viewing the world; people vary in ability levels across different domains of intellect Impossible to falsify; no evidence frames of mind are independent |
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Triarchic Model of Intelligence (Sternberg) |
There are three different types of intelligence: (1) Analytical - Logical/book smart (2) Practical - Adaptability/street smart (3) Creative - Ability to come up with novel and effective solutions to problems |
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Double Curse of Incompetence |
Those with poor metacognitive skills tend to overestimate their abilities |
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Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale |
Intelligence test used to accurately assess adults; consists of fifteen subtests for different mental abilities |
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Raven's Progressive Matrices |
A culturally fair IQ test; utilizes abstract thinking without language |
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Intellectual Disability |
Characterized by an IQ score lower than 70; categories are mild, moderate, and severe, with most belonging to the first designation |
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Flynn Effect |
Average IQ is rising three points per decade Attributed to improved test-taking ability, better nutrition, and changes in the home/school environment |
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Within/Between Group Heritability |
Within-Group: Extent of variability of a trait within a group; genetically influenced Between-Group: Extent of variability of a trait between groups; environmentally influences |
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Test Bias |
A test can predict better outcomes in one group than another |
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Stereotype Threat |
Fear of conforming to a negative stereotype; can affect test scores |
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Divergent/Convergent Thinking |
Used to assess creativity Divergent: How many solutions an individual can generate in response to a problem Convergent: An individual's ability to select the best solution |
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Post-Hoc Fallacy |
False assumption that one event caused another because it occurred before |
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Bidirectional Influence |
Children's experiences influence their development, but their development also influences their experiences |
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Cross-Sectional Design |
Research that examines people of different ages at one point in time |
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Cohort Effect |
Effects that result from people in a sample growing up at the same time and sharing common life experiences |
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Longitudinal Design |
Research that examines development over time |
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Nature-Nurture Intersections (3) |
Gene-Environment: Impact of genes depends on the environment in which the behaviour develops Nature via Nurture: Genes lead us to seek out a particular environment Gene Expression: Certain genes 'turn on' only in response to certain environmental events |
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Prenatal Development (3 Stages) |
(1) Zygote, 0-2 Weeks - Fertilization, implantation, growth of placenta (2) Embryo, 2-8 Weeks - Limb/organ/muscle development, heart beat can be detected (3) Fetus, 9-38 Weeks - Stomach development, responsive to sound |
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Fetal Development: Obstacles (3) |
(1) Hazardous Environment (exposure to teratogens, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome) (2) Genetic Disorders (3) Premature Birth |
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Assimilation/Accommodation |
Assimilation: Incorporating new experiences into existing schema Accommodation: Process of adjusting/modifying a schema |
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Sensorimotor Stage (Piaget's Four Stages of Cognitive Development) |
0-2 Years Knowledge is based on sensory impressions Focus on the here-and-now Unable to represent experience Development of object permanence (awareness that things continue to exist when they can't be seen) |
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Preoperational Stage (Piaget's Four Stages of Cognitive Development) |
2-6 Years Development of ability to construct mental representations of experiences Lacking conservation (ability to determine that a quantity will remain the same despite adjustments to container) Egocentric (unable to see other's point of view) Begin to develop theory of mind (thoughts about own and other's mental states, feelings, and perceptions) |
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Concrete Operational Stage (Piaget's Four Stages of Cognitive Development) |
7-11 Years Development of logical/flexible thinking Less egocentric Begin to develop conservation Concrete (but not abstract) thinking |
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Formal Operational Stage (Piaget's Four Stages of Cognitive Development) |
11+ Years Able to think abstractly |
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Problems With Piaget's Theory (2) |
(1) Infant determinism; the first three years are the most crucial (2) Childhood fragility; children can't handle trauma/stress |
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Harlow's Surrogate Mother Experiments |
Monkeys prefer contact with their cloth mother, even when feeding from wire mother Monkeys raised by artifical mothers cannot cope with strange situations without their surrogate mother Physical affection from parents aids in physical recovery |
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Types of Attachment (1 + 3) |
Responses to the strange situation test: (1) Secure Attachment: Infant is responsive and happy when parent returns (2) Insecure Attachment (A) Avoidant: Infant ignores parent completely upon return (2) Ambivalent: Infant greets parent upon return, but is angry and rejects contact (3) Disorganized: Infant is inconsistent in their response to parent |
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Parenting Styles (3) |
Authoritarian: Imposes rules without explanation Result: Children exhibit ow self-esteem and poor social skills Permissive: Submits to children's desires, does not punish Result: Children are immature and aggressive Authoritative: Imposes rules with explanation Result: Children have high self-esteem, self-reliance, and social competence |
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Rouge Test |
Test for self-awareness in infants; red makeup is applied to their forehead and they are placed in front of a mirror - if they attempt to wipe it off, they are demonstrating self-awareness |
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Adolescent Egocentrism |
Existence of an 'imaginary audience' and personal fable (belief in one's exceptional uniqueness) |
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Kohlberg's Morality Development (3 Stages) |
(1) Pre-conventional: Morality of self-interest; responsive to reward and punishment (2) Conventional: Morality of law and social rules; responsive to approval and disapproval (3) Post-conventional: Morality as an abstract principle; responsive to one's personal ethical principles |
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Identity/Intimacy (Erikson) |
Identity is one's sense of self; adolescents solidify this by testing and integrating various roles Intimacy is the ability to form close, loving relationships; developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood |
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Social Clock |
Culturally preferred timing of social events (marriage, parenthood, retirement) |
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Successful Aging (3 Factors) |
(1) Biological: No genetic propensity for Alzheimer's (2) Psychological: Optimistic outlook, physically/mentally active (3) Social-Cultural Influences: Support network, access to meaningful opportunities, elder-friendly culture, safe living conditions |
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Tale of 2 Tails |
IQ follows a bell curve; most people fall in the middle |
