Psy2012 Module 10

Front 1

Those who study cognitive learning claim that learning can take place in an individual:

Back 1

who has not received any noticeable rewards, but who simply observes and imitates

Front 2

Shirley is about to teach a group of eight-year-olds the backstroke. She wants to do this using operant conditioning. At the outset of the swimming course, Shirley should:

Back 2

praise every correct thing young swimmers do

Front 3

Dakota is using operant conditioning to get his dog Rover to bring him his slippers. He sounds a bell, has Rover bring the slippers, and reinforces the behavior with a dog biscuit. One day, a church bell sounds outside and Rover brings Dakota his slippers. Rover’s behavior illustrates:

Back 3

generalization

Front 4

Kristin wants to go out and play, but her mother has said no. Kristin goes to her room and plays her rock music very loudly. The noise drives her mother crazy and Kristin is allowed to go out and play if she will turn off her music. In this example, ____ was a form of negative reinforcement.

Back 4

turning off the music

Front 5

According to operant conditioning, if a behavior is no longer followed by a reinforcer, the frequency of the behavior will:

Back 5

decrease

Front 6

The program described in your textbook for autistic children used principles based primarily upon:

Back 6

operant conditioning

Front 7

If a trained dog sits when a stranger says “sit” then generalization has taken place.

Back 7

TRUE

Front 8

Robert is reinforced by his teacher every sixth time he turns in a homework assignment. Robert’s teacher is using a ____ schedule of reinforcement.

Back 8

fixed-ratio

Front 9

How did Shinichi Suzuki adapt the Suzuki method to three- and four-year-olds who do not have fully developed verbal skills?

Back 9

information is given to a child through games and exercises

Front 10

In classical conditioning, ____ refers to the reduction in a response when the conditioned stimulus is no longer followed by the unconditioned stimulus.

Back 10

extinction

Front 11

The goal of operant conditioning is to ____, while the goal in classical conditioning is to ____.

Back 11

increase or decrease the rate of some behavior; create a new response to a neutral stimulus

Front 12

Suzanne randomly checks up on her employees several times throughout the day to praise them if they are working hard. None of the employees know when Suzanne will be checking up on them. Suzanne is using a ____ schedule of reinforcement.

Back 12

variable-interval

Front 13

“Every other set of encyclopedias you sell, I will give you $100,” says your supervisor. You realize that you are on a ____ schedule of reinforcement.

Back 13

fixed-ratio

Front 14

A child learns that a particular large four-legged animal is a horse. When he learns that the striped animal in the zoo is a zebra, he is able to demonstrate:

Back 14

discrimination

Front 15

Negative reinforcement is:

Back 15

the removal of an unpleasant stimulus that increases the likelihood of the response occurring again

Front 16

Harlan and Juanita spank their five-year-old daughter when she misbehaves. However, after taking a psychology course, Juanita suggests to Harlan that to increase spanking’s effectiveness they ought to:

Back 16

tell their daughter the reason for the spanking

Front 17

If you reinforce a person every 30 minutes, she is on a fixed-ratio schedule.

Back 17

FALSE

Front 18

You want to change the behavior of your roommate. You decide to reward his behaviors that you like and punish his behaviors that you do not like. You are using:

Back 18

operant conditioning

Front 19

Thorndike found that a cat learned to escape from a puzzle box by the consequences of its behavior. How could he arrive at such a conclusion?

Back 19

the time it took the cat to escape deceased over time

Front 20

Which disorder is characterized by abnormal or impaired development in social interactions and communication?

Back 20

autism

Front 21

In operant conditioning, ____ increases or decreases the chances that the ____ will occur again.

Back 21

consequences; behavior

Front 22

Mrs. Paulson, a third-grade teacher, gives her students a sticker when they do a good job on their homework. A sticker is an example of a(n):

Back 22

secondary reinforcer

Front 23

Ricardo and Luis are out walking. Luis says, “Hey, I’ve got a pebble in my shoe,” and proceeds to take off his shoe and to remove the pebble. “That feels better,” says Luis. Ricardo believes that Luis’ behavior of removing the pebble is a(n) ____ because it increases the chance that Luis will repeat the behavior if another pebble gets in his shoe.

Back 23

negative reinforcer

Front 24

The type of learning that focuses on the consequences of behavior is called:

Back 24

operant conditioning

Front 25

Whenever little Bobby cries, his father spanks him. Bobby’s father is trying to decrease Bobby’s crying through the use of:

Back 25

positive punishment

Front 26

Kohler believed that chimps learned to solve problems through:

Back 26

insight

Front 27

Every 50 minutes, the class takes a break if their behavior is appropriate. They are on a ____ schedule of reinforcement.

Back 27

fixed-interval

Front 28

Time out removes a misbehaving child from an opportunity for reinforcement.

Back 28

TRUE

Front 29

Operant conditioning explains how animals learn cognitive maps.

Back 29

FALSE

Front 30

If B. F. Skinner was alive today, his website would be most likely named:

Back 30

operant.com

Front 31

According to the Critical Thinking section, how do trainers provide immediate feedback to a killer whale after it has performed successfully?

Back 31

by sounding a whistle

Front 32

Mom tells Billy that she will pay him to pull weeds from her flower garden. Because Mom is busy, she sometimes gives Billy a dime when he pulls five weeds, sometimes when he pulls 10 weeds, and other times when he pulls 20 or more weeds. The reinforcement schedule Mom is using is:

Back 32

variable ratio

Front 33

Punishment reduces the chance that a behavior will be repeated.

Back 33

TRUE

Front 34

Which of the following theorists argued that learning involves a mental representation of the environment?

Back 34

edward tolman

Front 35

Plotnik’s example of skateboarder Tony Hawk shows that:

Back 35

learning can also occur just by observation, without external rewards

Front 36

“I didn’t know you knew how to do that!” says a bewildered parent to his young daughter. Apparently, the young girl would watch her dad turn on and play games on the computer. This imitation had been going on for several months, but this was the first time she demonstrated her learned behavior. Her father explained the delay by using the notion of:

Back 36

learning-performance distinction

Front 37

What refers to presenting an aversive stimulus after a response that decreases the odds that the response will recur?

Back 37

positive punishment

Front 38

“A consequence of a behavior that decreases the likelihood of that behavior occurring again” is the definition of:

Back 38

punishment

Front 39

A key to the success of the time-out procedure is that it:

Back 39

eliminates reinforcement of undesired behaviors

Front 40

After being praised for learning the word “doggie”, a young child will point to anything with four legs and a tail and say “doggie”—even if the “doggie” is really a cat, a horse, or a cow. This child is demonstrating:

Back 40

generalization