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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Neurons
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Fundamental unit (cell) in the Nervous System
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Sensory Neuron
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aka Afferent.
Transmits information from the body (receptors) to the brain. "ow, stove is hot" |
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Motor Neurons
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aka Efferent.
Transmits commands from brain to body "move hand from stove" |
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Electrical Communication
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x
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Chemical Communication
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x
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Axon
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Long extension from the cell body of a neuron where electrical impulses pass through
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Dendrite
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Branch-like extentions of the neuron that recieve information from other cells
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Cell Body
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Part of the neuron that holds the nucleus which contains genetic information (chromosomes) as well as other vital microstructures
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Myelin Sheath
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Made of lipids. Wraps around most axons to isolate them from stimuli that may interfere with the transmission of impulses
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Terminal Buttons
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Structures at the end of a neuron that recieves nerve impulses from the axon and transmits signals to adjacent cells
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Synapse
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The place where the transmission of information occurs
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Synaptic Cleft
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The connection point between the axon and dendrites
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Resting Potential
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The neuron is not firing impulses.
Sodium (outside) ions and potassium (inside) ions are in balance. |
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Action Potential
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Temporary shift in polarity of the cell membrane that leads to impulses being fired.
Positively charged K rapidly restores neuron to resting |
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Neurotransmitters
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Chemicals that transmit information from one neuron to another
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Excitatory
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Depolarizes the postsynaptic cell membrane making action potential more likely
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Inhibitory
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Hyperpolarizes the membrane (increases polarization) reducing the likelihood of action potential
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Dopamine
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Involved in thought, feeling, motivation and behavior.
An imbalance is thought to cause Parkinson's or Schizophrenia |
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Serotonin
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Regulates mood, sleeping, eating, arousal and pain
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Acetycholine
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ACh,
Involved in muscle contractions, learning and memory |
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Endorphins
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Chemicals similar to morphine that elevate mood and reduce pain
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Endocrine System
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A collection of glands that secrete hormones (signals) directly into the bloodstream
A second system, similar to the nervous system, for inter cellular communication. Can stimulate numerous cells at once |
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Hormones
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Chemicals secreted directly into the bloodstream by endocrine glands
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Pituitary
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The master gland
The hormones it releases stimulate and regulate OTHER glands |
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Adrenal
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Releases adrenalin during emergencies (fight/flight)
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Gonads
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Indluences sexual development and behaviour.
testosterones in males estrogen in females |
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Thyroid
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Releases hormones involved with grown and metabolism. Impacts energy level and mood
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Nervous System
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Interacting network of nerve cells that underlies all psychological activity
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Central NS
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CNS is made up of the brain and the spinal cord
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Peripheral NS
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PNS is made up of everything but the brain and spinal cord
Somatic and autonomic |
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Somatic
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Part of PNS.
Voluntry actions |
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Autonomic
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Part of PNS.
Involuntry. Sympathetic/parasympathetic |
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Sympathetic
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Reponds to threats. Fight/Flight.
Takes seconds to change to sympathetic but minutes to change back to para. Increases vision, heartrate and hearing, stops digestion |
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Parasympathetic
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Regulates routine duties
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Fight-Or-Flight
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Anatomical System associated with the unconditional escape and defensive aggression and the emotions terror and rage
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F + L of Medulla
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Controls basic functions like breathing and digestion.
Motor and Sensory neurons travel through to the spinal column through here. Part of the brain stem |
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F + L of Cerebellum
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Controls balance, fine motor skills and equillibrium.
Is the hindbrain, located above the brainstem and below the occipital lobes of the cerebral cortex |
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F + L of Pons
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Connects cerebral cortex with the medulla.
Basic functions like sleep, arousal, controlling autonomic functions. Hindbrain, above the medulla |
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F + L of Hypothalamus
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Eating, Sleeping, Sexual Activity.
Key link between nervous/endocrine system, activates pituitary gland during stress. In subcortical forebrain below the cortex |
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F + L of Thalamus
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Processes sensory data and transmits it to 'understanding' parts of the brain.
In subcortical forebrain below the cortex |
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F + L of Limbic System
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Involved in emotion, motivation, learning and memory.
Includes Septal area, hippocampus and amygdala. Sort of "in the middle" in the circle |
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F + L of Amygdala
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Learning and remembering emotionally significant events. Recognizing emotions in other people.
Sort of "in the middle" in the circle |
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F + L of Hippocampus
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Storing of information in memory. Connecting sensory information (smells, sounds) to memories
Sort of "in the middle" in the circle. Located in the temporal Lobes |
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F + L of Cerebral Cortex
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Outer covering of the cerebrum "grey matter".
Most developed part of the brain, processes higher thinking capabilities. Determines intelligence, personality. Planning and organizing, touch sensation. |
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F + L of Occipital Lobes
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One of four main regions in the frontal lobes.
At the back. Vision |
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F + L of Parietal Lobes
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One of four main regions in the frontal lobes
Infront of the occipital lobes. (mid-top) Involved in Touch. Has Somotosensory Cortex |
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F + L of Frontal Lobes
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Moving, Planning, Abstract thinking, memory.
At the front of the brain |
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F + L of Temporal Lobes
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Hearing, Language, recognizing objects by sight.
Under frontal lobe but still at the front |
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F + L of Motor Cortex
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Initiates voluntary movements
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F + L of Somatosensory Cortex
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receives sensory information from around the body
Connected with parietal lobes |
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F + L of Broca's Area
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Understanding language and speech. Controls facial neurons.
Located lower left portion of frontal lobe |
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F + L of Hearing and Visual Areas
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Temporal Lobe:
Wernicke's Area - essential to formulate/understand speech Occipital Lobe: Broca's Area - understand language/speech |
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Left Brain
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Language,
Complex behaviors, Consciousness (analytical) |
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Right Brain
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nonlinguistic functions:
Music, Feeling, Visual images |
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Cerebral Lateralization
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Some division of labor exists, each side is dominant for some functions.
Sex differences: Males: Better scores on math ability and spatial processing Females: Less lateralized for language and score better on verbal fluency, perceptual speed and manual dexterity |
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Corpus Callosum
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A band of fibers that connects the two hemispheres.
This is cut to reduce seizures in epilepsy sufferers |
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Genes
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Unit of hereditary transmission, encoded in DNA.
Two alleles in each gene (one from each parent) |
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Dominant Gene
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The one that is the strongest and most likely to pass on.
eg. 1 black hair allele and 1 blonde hair allele. Person will have black hair |
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Recessive Gene
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The gene that is not as likely to pass on
eg. 1 black hair allele and 1 blonde hair allele. Person will have black hair. But TWO blonde alleles means blonde hair. Must have two of the recessive genes to pass on the trait |
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DNA
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The molecule that encodes the genetic instructions used in development and functioning of all living organisms.
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Degree of Relatedness
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The probability of sharing genes with relatives
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Twin Studies
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Monozygotic: Same sperm, one egg (identical)
Dizygotic: Two sperms, two eggs |
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Heritability Coefficient
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Degree of variation in a trait across individuals.
Heritability of 50% means 50 comes from genes, 50 comes from the environment |
