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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Psychology
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the study of behavior and mental processes using a scientific method
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Nature-Nurture Controversy
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Nature: Biological influences
Nurture: How you were raised Controversy: How much of each makes up a person's behaviors? 50/50? 30/70? |
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Paradigm
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A broad system of theoretical assumptions used by a scientific community to make sense out of a domain of experience.
Has: set of theoretical assertions - provide a model of the object of study, set of shared metaphors- a molecule is like a lego block, set of methods - that produce valid, useful data |
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Perspectives
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Broad ways of understanding psychological phenomena.
Has: Theoretical Propositions Shared Metaphors Accepted methods of observation Perspectives guide current psychological thinking, they all evolved independently, There are elements in each that other perspectives ignore, There is not one unified approach to psychology |
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Psychodynamic
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Focus on the dynamic interplay of mental forces
"The mind is an iceburg" Freud founded "psychoanalysis" which ended up as psychodynamics - unconscious wishes and motives influence unconscious intention. ARGUMENTS: focuses on things that can't be measured=unscientific. Freud focused mainly on sex and aggression so it was bias. |
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Behaviorist
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Objects/events control all behavior because of previous learning. Heavy focus on outside sources, believed all humans come into the world a blank slate and learn behaviors.
Pavlov: Discovered conditioning through dogs. Skinner: Consequences shape actions (treat for shaking paw=wants to shake paw) Main goal: Focus on behavior and the use of established scientific methods to be seen as a science and separate to philosophy |
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Humanistic
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Humanistic treatment of psychological disorders.
Emphasises how people can come to know and accept themselves in order to reach their potential. Maslow's hierarchy of needs: Physiological, Safety, Love/Belonging, Esteem, Self-Actualisation. |
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Cognitive
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Focus on how people perceive, process and retrieve(remember)information.
Currently the most influential field. "The mind is a computer" |
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Evolutionary
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Based on Darwin's studies, suggests that behaviors evolved for a reason such as empathy, ethics, altruism.
DRAWBACK: Can only use logic and deduction by looking back in time at people from the past. |
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Socio-Cultural
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Social and Cultural influences on behavior. Says that people's culture and social surroundings have a huge influence on how they act.
USA: individualistic "screw everyone else, follow your dream" Asian: collective "family matters most" |
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Positive
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branched off from humanistic, concentrates on positive aspects such as love, hope and forgiveness
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S.D - Biopsychology
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Physical basis of psychological phenomena (brain stuff)
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S.D - Developmental
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how thought, feeling, and behavior develops through a lifespan
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S.D - social
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influence of others on the individual (real or imagined others)
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S.D - clinical
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nature and treatment of mental illness
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S.D - cognitive
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nature of mental processes such as thought, memory and language
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S.D - personality
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enduring patterns of thought, feeling and behavior for types of people/individuals
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S.D - Industrial/Organizational
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Human behavior within an organization / solving organizational problems
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S.D - educational
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school councillor
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S.D - health
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psychological factors involved in health and disease
eg. Stress, depression, anxiety... |
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Structuralism
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Wundt (father of psychology) and Tichener.
Used introspection to enter the subject's mind and discover the basic elements of consciousness. Although it's not truly scientific because it can't be observed by anyone outside the individual |
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Functionalism
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William James,
Thought introspection and looking into the basic consciousness was dull, wanted to know the FUNCTION of conscious thought. Consciousness must have evolved for a reason. |
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Natural selection
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Darwin's idea that evolution occured because something was more suited to the environment (long beak during food shortage got food from cracks easier=evolved).
Anything that has an advantage will reproduce more and it's genes will take over the pool thus, evolution |
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Minority/Woman
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Mary Calkins
Denied access to Harvard, studied under William James and completed all requirements for the degree, was still rejected by Harvard, accepted by Radcliffe but refused the offer to make a point. Ended up as the first woman president of the APA. |
