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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Ad hominem: personal attack
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a. Difference in POV.
b. Attacks on people instead of attacking their argument. |
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Ad hominem circumstantial: Person attack based on affiliation
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a. Personal attack on a speaker or someone traits (something you are born with), that’s what you’re born with. You cannot choose to leave a group membership (leaving Japanese membership, cannot be done).
b. You can leave states, sports teams, gymnastics. All can be left |
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Tu quo: practice what you preach
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a. Like when a recovering alcoholic tells you not to drink
b. If you got a speeding ticket and you’re telling someone about driving they’ll tell you “you got a speeding ticket, don’t tell me anything” c. You don’t take your own advice, so your advice must be worth nothing |
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Ad populum: appeal to masses/patriotism
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a. Don’t buy Nissan, buy an American car
b. Smoking because its cool c. Bandwagon approach |
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Ad verecundiam: improper appeal to authority
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a. Improper
b. If a pediatrician tells you to brush your teeth so you don’t get health related diseases you will do so. c. When an appeal to an authority to support to a position, but the person is not a credible expert on the topic. d. James bond drives an Aston Martin. Therefore, they must be cool cars. |
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Ad Baculum: Appeal to force
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a. When force, threat of force, or coercion is used to persuade. This includes blackmail or extortion etc.
b. What is the threat and why is that a bad reason? |
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Ad misericordian: Appeal to pity
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a. Identifying sad events so that the conclusion will be conclusion
b. When an irrelevant appeal to pity or a set of sorrowful circumstances c. Ex. He should be senator because of his history, his wife died, his mother committed suicide, his brother is missing |
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Ad ignorantiam: Appeal to ignorance
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a. If you cannot prove something it is not the case
b. Ex. This house is haunted. If you cannot prove it is not haunted, then it is haunted. c. If you cannot collect the evidence it must be the case d. Why is it atypical case given the conclusion? |
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Hasty generalization
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a. You’re coming to a conclusion too fast.
b. Your sample size is too small c. You did not have enough experience to draw your conclusion d. When a generalization or moral principle is drawn on the basis of too small a sample or an atypical case |
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Biased statistics
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a. The sample is too different from the population
b. Who you collected information from is different from where. |
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Bifurcation: False dichotomy (false to categories)
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a. When you have more than two choices but presenting them as the only two choices
b. Ex P. Diddy wore a shirt that said vote or die c. You must identify the other choices. |
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Complex question: trick or loaded question
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a. Takes the form of a question in which two questions are rolled into one.
b. Ex. Do you eat junk food for breakfast? c. You have to identify what the two questions are d. The other question is hidden e. Lawyers, detectives use this a lot. |
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Post hoc: false cause
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a. You think there is a cause in the relationship, but there is not
b. Identify what two factors you are linking together as one causes the other one c. Ex. Diet pills cause weight loss. |
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Red Herring
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a. When an irrelevant line of reasoning is intentionally used to divert people away from the topic at hand.
b. We change the topic c. Identify how the topic has to do with |
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Slippery slope
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a. Series of events
b. Like the domino effect c. But there is no link that A causes B d. Ex. Legalizing marijuana will lead to legalizing other drugs e. At least 3 factors or more. |
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Straw man
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a. Making something weaker
b. How have you made an issue more extreme than what it is |
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Misleading Vividness
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a. Something that is very strong
b. When strong evidence is completely overlooked because of a striking (vivid) counterexample. |
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Begging the question: circular reasoning
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a. Restating the conclusion
b. You don’t give a reasons, you just restate the conclusion |
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False analogy
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a. You have two things you make an analogy between them but one of them is false.
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Composition: part-whole
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a. What's true of the part is not necessarily part of the whole
b. The fact that something is true of the members or parts of something does not mean that it will be true of the whole. c. Each of the parts may have some characteristic (say, being overweight), but that does not mean the whole group or object will be light weight. d. Beyonce, Nora Jones, and Shania Twain are all great singers. I bet they’d be a dynamite girl group. |
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Division: whole-part
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a. What's true of the whole is not true of the part
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Amphiboly
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a. Shot an elephant in my PJs
b. Occurs when the faulty grammatical structure of a sentence creates an ambiguity. c. More than one interpretation is possible; an incorrect conclusion may be drawn. d. When the sentence structure is confusing e. The sentence is awkward or funny. |
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Accident: applying a general rule to a typical case
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The assumption does not apply. It does not have a supporting reason.
•The bible says, ‘thou shall not kill,” so it is wrong to kill in self-defense |
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Accent
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a. When the emphasis of a word or phrase or a passage taken out of context leads to drawing an incorrect conclusion
b. Includes repetition of a word or phrase to create a certain effect that leads to an incorrect conlusion c. Ex. Ads where the word “free” is accented, but in tiny print, we are told what we have to do or buy to get the freebie |
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Equivocation
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a. Occurs when different meanings of a word or phrase are used in an argument
b. The resulting ambiguity leads to an incorrect conclusion being drawn c. Ex. “cooks are so MEAN!”, “why do you say that?”. “Because they always beat the eggs!” |
