Psy1101C: Prologue (The Story Of Psychology)

Front 1

Which early school of thought promoted introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind?

Back 1

Structuralism.

Front 2

Which early school of thought explored how mental and behavioural processes function, and how they enable an organism to adapt, survive and flourish?

Back 2

Functionalism.

Front 3

Functionalism was inspired by which concept?

Back 3

Charles Darwin's concept of natural selection.

Front 4

Which two personal factors affect the utility of structuralism?

Back 4

Individual circumstances and experiences.

Front 5

Which school of thought insisted that psychology be defined as an objective science?

Back 5

Behaviourism.

Front 6

Why did behaviourism reject structuralism (introspection) as a basis for psychological studies?

Back 6

Its premise is unobservable. In order to be scientifically studied, the ability of observation (and observational studies) must be present. Introspection is unreliable and subjective.

Front 7

Freudian Psychology emphasized the ways that our (blank) processes and our (blank) to childhood experienced affect our (blank).

Back 7

1. Unconscious thought.

2. Emotional responses.

3. Behaviour.

Front 8

Humanistic Psychology rejected which prior school of thought?

Back 8

Behaviourism.

Front 9

Humanistic Psychology underlined the importance of having our needs for (blank) and (blank) satisfied.

Back 9

1. Love.

2. Acceptance.

Front 10

Which school of thought emphasized that current environmental influences affect growth potential in individuals?

Back 10

Humanistic Psychology.

Front 11

The Cognitive Revolution revisited mental processes for the first time since structuralism. To what does cognition refer?

Back 11

How our mind processes and retains information.

Front 12

The treatment of psychological disorders owes itself greatly to which school of thought?

Back 12

Cognitive Psychology.

Front 13

What is the modern definition of psychology?

Back 13

The science of behaviour and mental processes.

Front 14

Define behaviour.

Back 14

Anything an organism does that can be observed and recorded, such as smiling, sweating, and yelling.

Front 15

Define mental processes.

Back 15

The intentional, subjective experiences we infer from behaviour, such as sensations, beliefs, dreams, and feelings.

Front 16

Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Bradford Titchener are to (blank) as B. F. Skinner and John B. Watson are to (blank).

Back 16

1. Structuralism.

2. Behaviourism.

Front 17

William James is to (blank) as Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow are to (blank).

Back 17

1. Functionalism.

2. Humanistic Psychology.

Front 18

The first (blank) was established at the University of Leipzig in Germany was established by (blank) in 1879. This was a significant event in the establishment of psychology as an area of study.

Back 18

1. Psychology laboratory.

2. Wilhelm Wundt.

Front 19

Adaptation is a central concept in which school of thought?

Back 19

Functionalism.

Front 20

List the seven schools of thought responsible for defining psychology through the ages in approximate chronological order of appearance.

Back 20

1. Structuralism (1920s-1960s).

2. Functionalism (1920s-1960s).

3. Behaviourism (1960s).

4. Freudian Psychology.

5. Humanistic Psychology.

6. Cognitive Psychology (1960s).

7. Modern Psychology.

Front 21

Margaret Floy Washburn was the first woman to receive a (blank) after gender-discriminating practices were alleviated.

Mary Whiton Calkins was technically the first graduate; she also became the first (blank) of the American Psychological Association.

Back 21

1. Psychology Ph.D.

2. Female president (1905).

Front 22

Explain the nature-nurture issue in psychology.

Back 22

Nature refers to the genes' contribution to the development of traits and behaviours, whilst nurture refers to environmental factors that may extrinsically affect these same characteristics.

Front 23

Psychologists now believe that the (blank) of nature and nurture are responsible for the development of traits and behaviours; not one or the other.

Back 23

Interaction.

Front 24

Define natural selection.

Back 24

The principle that inherited traits best contributing to reproduction and survival are more likely to be passed down to succeeding generations.

Front 25

Evolutionary psychology focuses on how humanbeings are (blank) because of our common biology and evolutionary history.

Back 25

Alike.

Front 26

Evolutionary psychology uses the (blank) as its foundation.

Back 26

Principles of natural selection.

Front 27

Behaviour genetics focuses on how humanbeings are (blank) because of differing genes and environments.

Back 27

Diverse (or different or varied).

Front 28

Define culture. Why is it important in terms of the nature versus nurture debate?

Back 28

Culture is defined as shared ideas and behaviours that one generation passes on to succeeding generations. Culture affects our behaviours and attitudes learned from nurturing.

Front 29

Define positive psychology.

Back 29

A branch of psychology that uses scientific methods to explore the building of a "good life" that engages our skills, and a "meaningful life" that points beyond ourselves. This in turn leads to happiness.

Front 30

Behaviour and mental processes are analyzed at three different levels by complementing influences. Which are these?

Back 30

1. Biological.

2. Psychological.

3. Social-culture.

Front 31

Define the biopsychosocial approach.

Back 31

The integration of the three complementing levels of analysis in studies of behaviour and mental processes.

Front 32

What are the seven current perspectives in psychology for analyzing phenomena?

Back 32

1. Neuroscience.

2. Evolutionary.

3. Behaviour genetics.

4. Psychodynamic.

5. Behavioural.

6. Cognitive.

7. Social-cultural.

Front 33

Sometimes, clinical psychology is included as a perspective of psychology in lieu of (blank), which finds itself demoted as a sub-group of (blank).

Back 33

1. Evolutionary psychology.

2. Social-cultural psychology.

Front 34

Define the neuroscience perspective for analyzing phenomena.

Back 34

Analyzes how the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences.

Front 35

Define the evolutionary perspective for analyzing phenomena.

Back 35

Analyzes how the natural selection of traits has promoted the survival of genes.

Front 36

Define the behaviour genetics perspective for analyzing phenomena.

Back 36

Analyzes how our genes and our environment influence our individual differences.

Front 37

Define the psychodynamic perspective for analyzing phenomena.

Back 37

Analyzes how behaviour springs from unconscious drives and conflicts.

Front 38

Define the behavioural perspective for analyzing phenomena.

Back 38

Analyzes how we learn observable responses.

Front 39

Define the cognitive perspective for analyzing phenomena.

Back 39

Analyzes how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information.

Front 40

Define the social-cultural perspective for analyzing phenomena.

Back 40

Analyzes how behaviour and thinking vary across situations and cultures.

Front 41

Why is it unwise to observe a particular behaviour or mental process from a single perspective?

Back 41

Limited understanding from a single vantage point. Multiple perspectives allow for a more inclusive and complete understanding of the behaviour or mental process in question.

Front 42

"How do we use information in remembering, reasoning, and solving problems?" is a question that interests which psychological perspective?

Back 42

Cognitive.

Front 43

"How do pain messages travel from the hand to the brain?" is a question that interests which psychological perspective?

Back 43

Neuroscience.

Front 44

"What is the most effect way to alter our behaviour to stop smoking or to lose weight?" is a question that interests which psychological perspective?

Back 44

Behavioural.

Front 45

"How can someone's personality traits and disorders be explained by unfulfilled wishes and childhood traumas?" is a question that interests which psychological perspective?

Back 45

Psychodynamic.

Front 46

"How do we differ as products of our environment?" is a question that interests which psychological perspective?

Back 46

Social-cultural.

Front 47

"How does evolution influence behaviour tendencies?" is a question that interests which psychological perspective?

Back 47

Evolutionary.

Front 48

"To what extent are psychological traits products of our genes and of our environment?" is a question that interests which psychological perspective?

Back 48

Behaviour genetics.

Front 49

What is the difference between the behaviour genetics and the behavioural psychological perspectives?

Back 49

Behaviour genetics focuses on how genes and the environment influence our individual differences, whilst the behavioural perspective focuses on learned behaviour.

Front 50

Define basic research.

Back 50

Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base.

Front 51

Define applied research.

Back 51

Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems.

Front 52

Biological psychologists explore the links between the (blank) and the (blank).

Back 52

1. Brain.

2. Mind.

Front 53

Development psychologists study our changing (blank) over the course of our lifespan.

Back 53

Abilities.

Front 54

Cognitive psychologists experiment with how we (blank), (blank), and solve problems.

Back 54

1. Perceive.

2. Think.

Front 55

Personality psychologists investigate an individual's persistent (blank).

Back 55

Traits.

Front 56

Social psychologists explore how we (blank) and (blank) one another.

Back 56

1. View.

2. Affect.

Front 57

(Blank), a branch of psychology, assists people with problems in living and in achieving greater well-being.

Back 57

Counseling psychology.

Front 58

(Blank), a branch of psychology, assesses, treats and studies people with psychological disorders.

Back 58

Clinical psychology.

Front 59

(Blank), a branch of psychology, studies how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions affects individuals and groups.

Back 59

Community psychology.

Front 60

(Blank), a branch of psychology, aims to help organizations and companies select and train employees, boost morale and productivity, and implement systems.

Back 60

Industrial-organizational psychology.

Front 61

(Blank), a branch of psychology, assess witness credibility and testify in court on a defendant's state of mind and future risk.

Back 61

Forensic psychology.

Front 62

What are the two main differences between a psychiatrist and a psychologist?

Back 62

Licensed psychiatrists are medical doctors licensed to prescribe drugs such as anti-depressants and treat physical causes of psychological disorders, whilst psychologists cannot.

Front 63

SQ3R is an acronym. What does it stand for?

Back 63

Survey, Question, Read, Retrieve, Review.

Front 64

Define the testing effect (also known as the retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning).

Back 64

Memory is enhanced after retrieving information, not simply by reading or rereading.

Front 65

State four additional studying tips supported by psychological studies and research.

Back 65

1. Distribute studying time.

2. Critical thinking.

3. Process class information actively.

4. Overlearn.

Front 66

In order to be considered a science, a field must have which three characteristics?

Back 66

1. Definition of variables.

2. Observation of variables.

3. Quantification of variables

Front 67

What was the original definition of psychology?

Back 67

The science of the study of the "mind" (psyche) or mental processes.

Front 68

Mental processes cannot be observed; however, they can be...

Back 68

Inferred.

Front 69

In a true experiment, we manipulate a (blank) variable and measure the change of the (blank) variable.

Back 69

1. Independent.

2. Dependent.

Front 70

In psychology, we manipulate...

Back 70

The mind or the mental state.

Front 71

Speed of response is also known as the (blank).

Back 71

Response time.

Front 72

What are the six major divisions of psychology?

Back 72

1. Experimental psychology.

2. Clinical psychology.

3. Applied psychology.

4. Industrial psychology.

5. Social psychology.

6. Developmental psychology.

Front 73

Experimental psychology began as a branch of physics in the 1800s known as (blank).

Back 73

Psychophysics.

Front 74

Structuralism was modelled after (blank) and was interested in...

Back 74

1. Chemistry.

2. The basic structure of the mind.

Front 75

Who was the father of functionalism?

Back 75

William James.

Front 76

What were some of the accomplishments of William James?

Back 76

1. Developed a number of theories about consciousness, attention and memory.

2. Wrote the first textbook on psychology.

Front 77

Although Sigmund Freud has been considered the founder of psychotherapy (clinical psychology), he was...

Back 77

Not a psychologist.

Front 78

The first clinical psychology department in Canada was founded at which university?

Back 78

University of Ottawa.

Front 79

Applied psychology includes which four branches of psychology?

Back 79

1. Social.
2. Developmental.
3. Educational.
4. Industrial.

Front 80

Cognitive psychology is the study of (blank), many of which do not exist in (blank).

Back 80

1. Higher mental functions.

2. Animals.

Front 81

When did cognitive psychology first appear? When was cognitive psychology revived?

Back 81

1. Late 1800s, early 1900s.

2. 1950s.

Front 82

By which four means does neuroscience attempt to measure actual mental events by monitoring brain activity?

Back 82

1. Manipulating psychological states or mental events.

2. Manipulating brain and determining effect on psychology or mental events.

3. Manipulating psychological state.

4. Observing the effect of these manipulations on brain activity and structure.

Front 83

What are the two subdivisions of cognitive psychology?

Back 83

1. Cognitive neuroscience.

2. Neural/cognitive modelling.

Front 84

Cognitive neuroscience uses (blank) to study (blank). This subdivision of cognitive psychology is (blank).

Back 84

1. Biological methods.

2. Cognitive activity.

3. Observable.

Front 85

Neural/cognitive modelling uses (blank) to mimic (blank).

Back 85

1. Computers.

2. Cognitive/information processing.

Front 86

Who was responsible for laying out many of the tenets of behaviourism?

Back 86

B. F. Skinner.

Front 87

What are the primary characteristics or arguments of behaviourism?

Back 87

1. All behaviour is learned.

2. All behaviour is reinforced - positively or negatively.

3. All behaviour is explained by the environment.

4. The inner mind, genetic influences and the unconsciousness are irrelevant.

Front 88

According to behaviourism, (blank) are uncontrolled; all behaviour is determined by (blank).

Back 88

1. Deterministic behaviours/theories.

2. Consequential events.

Front 89

Social psychology is the study of (blank) and its effects. It emphasizes (blank).

Back 89

1. Social environment.

2. Social "behaviour".

Front 90

E.O. Wilson and Richard Dawkins are researchers interested in which perspective of psychology?

Back 90

Evolutionary.

Front 91

Another term for social-biology (within the Evolutionary perspective) is...

Back 91

Ethology.

Front 92

Unlike behaviourist theories, the psychoanalytical perspective is...

Back 92

Deterministic.

Front 93

The (blank) perspective, also known as Humanistic Psychology, has an emphasis on the unique (blank) of behaviour. It is involved in the (blank) branch of psychology and focuses on an individual's (blank).

Back 93

1. Phenomenological perspective.

2. Human qualities.

3. Clinical psychology.

4. Personal experiences.

Front 94

What is the criticism of the phenomenological perspective?

Back 94

It is unscientific.

Front 95

Psychiatry employs a (blank) model, and psychiatric disorders are considered a (blank). What are two treatment methods?

Back 95

1. Medical.

2. Mental "illness".

3. Psychotherapy.

4. Drug therapy.

Front 96

Psychoanalysis has an emphasis on (blank) and post-(blank) theory. Do psychoanalysts require a university degree?

Back 96

1. Freud.

2. Freudian.

3. No; special branch of training instead.

Front 97

In Canada, clinical psychologists must have a (blank). They are regulated at the (blank) level. The term "psychologist" is (blank).

Back 97

1. Ph.D.

2. Provincial.

3. Legally defined.

Front 98

Clinical psychologists are more interested in (blank) behaviour and not necessarily "illness" (see: psychiatry). What are the preferred methods of treatment as per clinical psychology?

Back 98

1. Abnormal.

2. Counselling.

3. Psychotherapy.

Front 99

Experimental psychologists are only trained in (blank) and cannot call themselves (blank) or administer (blank).

Back 99

1. Research.

2. Psychologists.

3. Psychotherapy.

Front 100

What does WEIRD stand for?

Back 100

Western, Education, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic (cultures).