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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Personality
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the pattern of enduring characteristics that produce consistency and individuality in a given person
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Freud’s Psychodynamic theory (psychoanalysis)
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unconscious forces act as determinants of personality.
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Preconscious
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contains material that is not threatening and is easily brought to mind, such as that 2+2=4.
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Unconscious
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apart of the personality that contains the memories, knowledge, beliefs, feelings, urges, drives, and instincts of which the individual is not aware.
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Id
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the raw, unorganized, inborn part of personality whose sole purpose is to reduce tension created by primitive drives related to hunger, sex aggression, and irrational impulses
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Ego
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the part of the personality that provides a buffer between the id and the outside world
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Superego
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according to freud, the final personality structure to develop; it represents the rights and wrongs of society as handed down by a person’s parent’s, and other important figures
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psychosexual stages
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developmental periods that children pass through during which they encounter conflicts between demands of society and their own sexual urges (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital)
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Oral stage
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according to Freud, a stage from birth to age 12 to 18 months, in which an infant’s center of pleasure is the mouth. Gratification from sucking, eating, mouthing, biting. 0 to 1 year old. Main source of erotic pleasure was the mouth. Derived erotic please by sucking and biting.
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Anal stage
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a stage from age 12 to 18 months to 3 years of age, in which a child’s pleasure is centered on the anus. Gratification from expelling and withholding feces; coming to terms with society’s controls relating to toilet training. occurs from 2-3 years. Center of erotic focus is the anus. The way you derived erotic pleasure is from retaining or expelling feces.
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Phallic stage
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the period beginning around age 3 during which a child’s pleasure focuses on the genitals. Interest in the genitals, coming to terms with oedipal conflict leading to identification with same-sex parent. ages 4-5. Center for erotic focus are the genitals. The way children derived erotic pleasure is through masturbation.
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Latency period
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the period between the phallic stage and puberty during the children’s sexual concerns are temporarily put aside. Sexual concerns largely unimportant. ages 6-12. No center of erotic focus. Children at this age are sexual repressed. Children focus on expanding their social circle. Ex. Get more friends.
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Genital stage
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the period from puberty until death, marked by mature sexual behavior (that is, sexual intercourse). Reemergence of sexual interests and establishment of mature sexual relationships. from puberty onwards. Genitals are source of erotic pleasure. Being sexually intimate with others is how they get the sexual pleasure.
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Fixations
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conflicts or concerns that persist beyond the developmental period in which they first occur.
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Defense mechanisms
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Identification,Rationalization, Regression, Repression,Projection
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Identification
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when you increase your self esteem by forming real or imaginary relationships with others. Ex. You see a movie star and you think you know them already.
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Rationalization
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when you create an excuse that could work for unacceptable behavior. Ex. You show up late to your job and you say there was a lot of traffic on the freeway.
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Regression
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Going back to immature behavior patterns. Something anxiety provoking. ex a boss has a temper tantrum when an employee makes a mistake
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Repression
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when you keep the anxiety producing thoughts in your unconscious. You are not aware what it is that is bothering you. You are not letting it come up to your conscious. It is buried in unconscious. ex. a woman is unable to recall that she was reaped
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Projection
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When you attribute your own thoughts and feelings to another person. When you say "you don't love me, you don't like me, it's not fun when it's fun to you" ex. a man who is unfaithful to his wife and feels guilty suspects that his wife is unfaithful.
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Oedipal complex
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when children have sexual desires toward their opposite sex parent. They have a hate toward their same sex parent.
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Biopsychosocial model
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illness is caused by the interaction of these three factors. And health psychology looks at the reciprocal relationship between the mind and the body. They determine your health.
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Types of conflict
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–approach-approach, –approach-avoidance, –avoidance-avoidance
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–approach-approach
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you have a choice between two things, you have to pick one. You're only allowed to pick one. Both choices are good.
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–approach-avoidance
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you have a choice to ether do something or not do something. Only one choice. The choice has both advantages and disadvantages to it (pros and cons). Ex. Getting a job, but must work weekends.
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–avoidance-avoidance
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you have two choices, you must pick one. Both choices are bad. Frustrating, crates conflict in your life. Ex. You can either move or pay higher rent where you are.
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Selye’s concept of stress
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general adaptation syndrome (alarm, resistance, exhaustion)
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alarm
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fight or flight response
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Resistance
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body adjusts to continuing threat (arousal levels remain higher than normal, but body is capable of replenishing at least some of it's resources. You're able to function well, however, you start to become vulnerable to other stressers or health problems.
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Exhaustion
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energy resources depleted, body starts to give up. Eventually energy reserves become so tasked that body begins to give up. It is impossible to maintain your body for high periods of arousal for long periods of time.
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Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
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A prolonged psychological disturbance due to experiencing a traumatic event
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Type A behavior
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competitive, impatient. Only sometimes they have anger and hostility. Men develop coronary heart disease twice as often and suffer from fatal heart attacked more
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Type B behavior
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relaxed, patient, easy-going.
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Sleep Cycle Stage 1
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small irregular eaves
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Sleep Cycle Stage 2
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body temperature drops further. Sleep spindles (short bursts of brain wave activity). Approximately 4 minutes after sleep spindles appear will mark the actual state of sleeping.
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Sleep Cycle Stage 3
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delta waves start to appear., (large slow brain waves). Their presence indicates deeper sleep and further loss of consciousness. Resemble patterns of people who are in comas.
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Sleep Cycle Stage 4
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mostly delta waves. You reach this after about an hour.
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EEG: Electroencephalograph.
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Patterns seen in this machine are called brain waves. Lots of short bursts of activity called Beta Waves (very small fast waves)
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Sleep disturbances
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--Insomnia
--Narcolepsy --Sleep Apnea --Nightmares --Night terrors --Somnabulism (sleep walking) --Leg Movements |
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Narcolepsy
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sudden irresistible urges of sleep during normal waking time. Directly from wakefulness to REM sleep. Usually lasts for 10-20 minutes. Misled become paralyzed during REM sleep.
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Sleep apnea
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frequent gasping for air that wakes a person up. That person actually stops breathing for 15-60 seconds. Very common
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Nightmares
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essentially bad dreams. They occur during REM sleep. You can wake up from a nightmare you can piece why you've been awakened
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Night terrors
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abrupt waking up in none REM sleep. individuals wake up with intense feeling of panic. Heart rate is pounding. Occurs in stage 4 sleep, early in the night. What happens after is person lays upright and panic fades very quickly and goes away relatively quickly.
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Somnambulism
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sleep walking. Occurs during the first two hours of sleep when individuals are in stage 4 sleep. Occurs mostly in children. Peak age range is 11-12 years old.
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Leg Movements
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when people lay down and go to sleep, they have creepy crawly sensations (pins and needles like), uncomfortable and have to move their legs to make it go away.
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Hypersomnia
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when people sleep too much.
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Circadian Rhythms
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lasts about a day. Biological processes that occur regularly on approximately a 24-hr cycle
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REM (rapid eye movement)
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most dreaming occurs. 20% of total sleep. 90 minutes of REM. relatively deep sleep. Rapid eye movements, dreaming, and beta waves. Muscles are total relaxed (almost paralyzed)
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avoidant coping
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you do not try to solve the problem, you do not even think it exists. Ex. Drinking alcohol, you try to drink to prevent from thinking about your problems.
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The Five Factor Model (The Big Five)
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openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism (emotional stability)
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Trait theory
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a model of personality that seeks to indentify the basic traits necessary to describe personality
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Allport’s trait theory
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that there are 3 fundamental categories of traits: cardinal, central a, and secondary
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Cardinal
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a single characteristic that directs most of a person’s activities. Ex a totally selfless woman may direct all her energy toward humanitarian activities. Ex an intensely power-hungry person may be driven by an all-consuming need for control.
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Central
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the major characteristics of an individual (such as honesty and sociability); they usually number from five to ten in any one person.
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Secondary
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characteristics that affect behavior in fewer situations and are less influential than central or cardinal traits
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Raymond Catell
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suggested that 16 pairs of source traits represent the basic dimensions of personality.
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Hans Eysenck
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found that personality could be best described in terms of 3 dimensions: extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism.
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Factor analysis
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a statistical method of identifying associations among a large number of variables to reveal more general patterns. Ex personality researcher administering a questionnaire.
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Openness to experience
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independent – conforming, imaginative – practical, preference for variety – preference for routine
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Conscientiousness
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careful – careless, disciplined – impluslive, organized – disorganized
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Extraversion
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talkative – quiet, fun-loving—sober, sociable -- retiring
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Agreeableness
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sympathetic – fault finding, kind – cold, appreciative -- unfriendly
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Neuroticism (emotional stability)
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stable – tense, calm – anxious, secure -- insecure
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Coping
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the efforts to control, reduce, or learn to tolerate the threats that lead to stress
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defense mechanisms
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unconscious strategies people use to reduce anxiety by concealing the source from themselves and other.
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emotion-focused coping
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people try to change their emotions in the face of stress, seeking to change the way they feel about or perceive a problem. Ex. Accepting sympathy from others and looking at the bright side of a situation
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problem-focused coping
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attempts to modify the stressful problem or source of stress. Lead to changes in behavior or to the development of a plan of action to deal with stress. Ex starting a study group to improve poor classroom performance
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learned helplessness
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concluding that unpleasant or aversive stimuli cannot be controlled
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hardiness
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a personality characteristic associated with a lower rate of stress related illness, consisting of 3 components, challenge, and control
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social support
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a mutual network of caring, interesting others
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