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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Encoding
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The processing of information into the memory system -- for example, by extracting meaning
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Storage
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The retention of encoded information over time
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Retrieval
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The process of getting information out of memory storage
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Sensory Memory
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The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
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Short-term Memory
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Activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten
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Long-term Memory
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The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system; includes knowledge, skills, and experiences
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Working Memory
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A newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory
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Automatic Processing
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Unconscious encoding on incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings
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Effortful Processing
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Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
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Rehearsal
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The conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage
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Spacing Effect
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The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention that is achieved through massed study or practice
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Serial Position Effect
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Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
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Visual Encoding
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The encoding of picture images
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Acoustic Encoding
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The encoding of sound, especially the sound of words
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Semantic Encoding
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The encoding of meaning, such as the meaning of words
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Imagery
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Mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding
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Mnemonics
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Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
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Chunking
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Organizing items into familiar, manageable units, often occurs automatically
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Ionic Memory
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A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second
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Echoic Memory
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A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within three or four seconds
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Long-term Potentiation
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An increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation
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Flashbulb Memory
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A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
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Amnesia
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The loss of memory
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Implicit Memory
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Retention independent of conscious recollection
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Explicit Memory
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Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare"
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Hippocampus
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A neural center that is located in the limbic system
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Recall
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A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test
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Recognition
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A measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test
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Relearning
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A measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time
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Priming
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The activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory
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Priming
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The activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory
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Mood-congruent Memory
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The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood
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Proactive Interference
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The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information
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Retroactive Interference
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The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information
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Repression
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In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
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Misinformation Effect
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Incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event
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Source Amnesia
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Attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined
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