Psy100 Introduction To Psychology Myers Ch5

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Developmental Psychology

Back 1

The branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the lief span

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Zygote

Back 2

The fertilized egg

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Embryo

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The developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month

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Fetus

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The developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth

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Teratogens

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Agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Back 6

Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking

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Habituation

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Decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation

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Maturation

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Biological growth process that enables orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience

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Cognition

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All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

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Schema

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A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

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Assimilation

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Interpreting our new experience in terms of our existing schemas

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Accommodation

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Adapting our current understanding to incorporate new information

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Sensorimotor Stage

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(Piaget's theory) State during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities

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Object Permanence

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The awareness that things continue to exist when not perceived

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Preoperational Stage

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(Piaget's Theory) During which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of the concrete logic

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Conservation

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(Piaget's Theory) The principal that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite the changes in the forms of objects

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Egocentrism

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(Piaget's Theory) The preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view

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Theory of Mind

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People's ideas about their own and other's mental states (feelings, perceptions, thoughts)

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Concrete Operational Stage

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(Piaget's Theory) During which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

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Formal Operational Stage

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(Piaget's Theory) During which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

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Autism

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A disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others' states of mind

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Stranger Anxiety

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The fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning at 8 months of age

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Attachment

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An emotional tie with another person; showing distress on separation

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Critical Period

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An optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development

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Imprinting

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The process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period early in life

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Basic Trust

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A sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy

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Self-Concept

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Our understanding and evaluation of who we are

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Adolescence

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The transition period from childhood to adulthood (puberty to independence)

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Puberty

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The period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing

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Primary Sex Characteristics

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The body structures that allow reproduction (penis, ovaries, etc.)

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Secondary Sex Characteristics

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Non-reproductive sexual characteristics, such as woman hips and breasts, and male voice sound and body hair

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Menarche

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The first menstrual period

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Identity

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Our sense of self; the adolescent's' task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles

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Social Identity

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The "we" aspect of our self-concept; The part of our answer to "Who am I?" that comes from our group memberships

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Intimacy

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The ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in last adolescence and early adulthood

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Emerging Adulthood

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Late teens to early adulthood; bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood

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Menopause

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The time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines

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Cross-sectional Study

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A study in which people of difference ages are compared with another

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Longitudinal Study

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Research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period

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Crystallized Intelligence

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Our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age

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Fluid Intelligence

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Our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood

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Social Clock

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The culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement