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147 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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longitudinal research
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behavior of one or more individuals is measured as the subjects age
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cross-sectional research
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people of different ages are compared at the same point in time
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synaptic pruning
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infrequently used connections in brain are lost
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critical period
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time in which certain experiences must occur for normal development
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attachment
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a strong emotional connection that persists over time
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imprinting
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when animals become attached to caregivers
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Harlow
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placed monkeys in cage, monkeys preferred soft mother to wire mother that provides food
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Bowlby
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proves infants, caregivers motivated by attachment
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Ainsworth
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Strange Situation Test - child's reaction to being left alone and then the caregiver or unfamiliar adult returning
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secure attachment
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happy to play alone, friendly to stranger when caregiver present. Child distressed when caregiver leaves, relieved on return. Majority of babies
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avoidant attachment
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not distressed when caregiver departs. On return, snubs caregiver
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anxious-ambivalent attachment
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anxious, clings to attachment figure, very upset on departure. Happy but angry on return
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Suomi
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Monkeys become adventurers when pared w/adventurous mothers, but may revert
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NYLS
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Temperament very important as well as reaction to temperament (must be calm, firm, patient w/ trouble children)
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temperament
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a person's typical mood, activity level, emotional reactivity (biologically determined)
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Orienting reflex
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tendency for humans to pay more attention to novel stimuli
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assimilation
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process in which a new experience is placed in a schema
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accomodation
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schema is adapted to incorporate new experience
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Piaget
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stages of development
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Source amnesia
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when a person remembers an event but not where they encountered the info
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Gender identity
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personal beliefs about sex
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social cognition and perception
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the way we size up ourselves, others, and the world
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"thin slices" study
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first impressions formed from 30 sec muted video correlate w/semester-long evaluations
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Primacy effect
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first objects given more weight, hard to change existing beliefs
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confirmation bias
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once you have formed an opinion, new items fit in to existing beliefs
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self-fulfilling prophecy/behavior confirmation bias
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Perceiver's expectations decide behavior toward target decides targets behavior toward perceiver
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attribution theory
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the way in which people explain the causes of their own and other people's behavior
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fundamental attribution error (or correspondence bias)
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tendency to underestimate impact of situational factors and overestimate influence of dispositional factors
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actor/observer difference
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the tendency to see other people's behavior as dispositionally caused, own behaviors as situationally caused
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self-serving bias
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taking credit for successes, denying responsibility for failures
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heuristic
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a rule of thumb that allows one to make quick but often erroneous judgments
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anchoring and adjustment heurisitic
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a mental shortcut where people use a number or value as starting point and then adjust insufficiently from anchor
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availability heuristic
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judgment based on info readily available in memory
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representativeness heurisitic
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a tendency to estimate the likelihood of an event in terms of how typical it seems
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framing
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the effect of presentation on how information is perceived
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self-concept
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everything you know about yourself
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self-awareness
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a state in which the sense of self is the object of attention
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self-schema
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an integrated set of memories, beliefs, and generalizations about the self
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self-esteem
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the evaluative aspect of self-concept
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attitude
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the evaluation of objects, events, or ideas
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mere exposure effect
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the more one is exposed to an item, the more they tend to like it
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Milgram
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shock experiement that showed that ppl can be coerced into obedience by insistent authorities (used large shocks on confederates)
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direct pressure, what it leads to
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orders, commands, leads to obedience
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indirect pressure, what it leads to
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expections, leads to conformity
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private conformity
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internalize cognition, attitude (seriously take it to heart)
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public conformity
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only conform to impress those around you
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informational influence
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desire to be right
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normative influence
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desire to be liked
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Sherif
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light movement study, indirect pressure to conform, informational influence, private compliance
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Asch
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line judgment led to normative influence indirect pressure, public compliance
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Zimbardo
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Stanford Prison Experiment - illusion became reality, personal identity erased, conformity expressed
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conformity
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tendency for people to adopt behaviors, attitudes, and values of other members of a group
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compliance
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when people accede to the request of others
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obedience
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when people respond to the command of actual or perceived authorities
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components of attitudes
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affective, behavioral, cognitive
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does behavior determine attitude? (examples)
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yes, stockholm syndrome, Stanford prison experiment, foot-in-the-door trials
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when do attitudes change?
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people want to be cognitively consistent
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Cognitive dissonance theory
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inconsistent cognitions arouse psychological tension that people become motivated to reduce
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Festinger and Carlsmith
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Boring task, those paid $1 to tell others it was fun liked task (insufficient justification leads to distortion), those paid $20 disliked task
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justifying attitude-discrepant behavior (insufficient justification)
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"I have my reasons"
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Justifying effort
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"I suffered for it, so I like it" (hazing)
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justifying difficult decisions
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"Of course I was right"
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social learning theory
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social roles, family roles learned socially
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Ingroup favoritism
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the tendency to discriminate in favor of ingroups over outgroups
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outgroup-homogeneity bias
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the tendency to assume "they" are all alike
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Sherif (CS)
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camp study - prejudice stems from intergroup competition for limited resources
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subtyping
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creating subgroups for certain members of a group (Oprah is a "different" black person)
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propinquity (proximity)
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best single predictor of whether two people will be friends is how far apart they live
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similarity
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we tend to be attracted to people who share our attitudes, interests, values, beliefs
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Physical attraction
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we tend to like attractive people more
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stability
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"you have changed"
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consistency
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"you are not yourself today"
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Ideographic approach
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a limited number of basic traits cannot be used to accurately describe personality
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nomothetic approach
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a limited number of basic traits can be used to accurately describe personality
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Eysenck's Hierarchical Model of Personality
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there are three levels of traits: cardinal, central, and secondary
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cardinal traits
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being aggressive
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central traits
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actual behaviors due to cardinal traits
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secondary traits
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specific (fight w/roommate every day)
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Eysenck's 3 traits
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intro/extroversion, neuroticism/stability, psychoticism/considerate
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Big 5 Universal Traits
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OCEAN (opennes, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism)
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objective personality scale
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series of questions to self-report personality
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MMPI
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most widely used personality self-report
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Psychodynamic Approach & who
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(Freud) behavior controlled by inner forces of which they are unaware
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pleasure principle
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the id's boundless drive for immediate gratification
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Reality principle
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the ego's capacity to delay gratification
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Superego
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moral ideas and conscience
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Projective tests
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tests meant to project personality onto items like inkblots
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Behaviorist approach
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people's behavior controlled by history of reinforcement, punishment
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Behaviorist cause of psychological disorder
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positive reinforcement of bad behavior, vice versa
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Cognitive social-learning theory
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personal beliefs, expectancies, and interpretations shape behavior, personality
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self-efficacy
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the belief that one is capable of performing the behaviors required to produce a desired outcom
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locus of control
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the expectancy that one's reinforcements are generally controlled by internal (my own doing) or external (I have no control) factors
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humanistic approach
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people are basically good at birth, but may acquire poor self-image if they grow up in a non-supportive environment
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Unconditional positive regard
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unqualified acceptance and love (humanistic)
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conditional positive regard
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love contingent upon good behavior
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self-discrepancy theory
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discrepancy between actual and ideal self leads to depression, discrepancy between actual and ought self leads to anxiety, guilt, shame
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Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
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person tells story about ambiguous picture (reliably predicts behavior)
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Situationism
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behaviors are determined as much by situations as traits
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Interactionists
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those that believe behavior is jointly determined by situations and underlying dispositions
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What is the impact of parental style?
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Small but minimum level necessary
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___ require additional cortical arousal, whereas ___ avoid it
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Extroverts, introverts
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Basic tendencies
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dispositional traits that are determined to a great extent by biological processes (very stable)
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Characteristic adaptations
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the adjustments people make to situational demands (changes DNE change in core disposition)
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Quantum change
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sudden, profound, enduring change of personality
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Those that are abnormal are ____
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maladaptive
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Insanity
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legal ruling that an accused indivual is not responsible for a crime
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DSM-IV
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Five axis system used to classify disorders
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co-morbidity
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suffering from more than one psychological disorder
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generalized anxiety disorder
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characterized by prolonged vague but intense fears that are not attached to anything in particular
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specific phobias
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paralyzing fear of some object
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social phobia
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fear of social situations, performances
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panic disorder
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a disorder characterized by recurrent panic attacks
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OCD
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an anxiety disorder in which a person feels driven to think disturbing thoughts (obsessions) and/or perform senseless rituals (compulsions
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Systematic desensitization
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person is taught to relax, then gradually describe anxiety-provoking situation while remaining relaxed.
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flooding
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flood w/stimuli to prove it isn't harmful
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aversive condition
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create associations such as drinking, bad taste
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Psychoanalytic explanation of disorders
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unresolved anger toward parents, adult losses evoke feelings associated w/childhood losses
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social learning explanation of disorders
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depression may rise from learned helplessness (dog gives up from escaping cage)
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Theory of learned helplessness
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a learned expectation that one cannot control important life outcomes resulting in apathy and depression
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Depressed people blame ___ factors and lack ____ ___
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external, self-serving bias
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major depressive disorder (unipolar depression)
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an episode of intense sadness that lasts for several months
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dysthymia
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less intense sadness but persists w/little relief for years
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bipolar disorder
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swings between depression and mania
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Two techniques of psychoanalytic therapy:
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free association; dream analysis
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latent content
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not explicitly expressed
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manifested content
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explicitly expressed
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resistance
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not letting therapist hear everything
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Beck
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cognitive therapy (reverse negative views of self, ongoing experience, future)
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Rational-emotive behavior therapy
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therapist challenges depressed feelings (can be vicious)
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Schizophrenia
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hallucinations, delusions, detachment from reality
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Positive symptoms
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hallucinations, delusions that occur during active phase
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Negative symptoms
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social withdrawal, flattened emotions that occur during inactive times
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disorganized schizo
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wears lots of clothing, disorganized speech
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catatonic schizo
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become immobilized
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paranoid schizo
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full of attributions of bad intentions of others
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undifferentiated schizo
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catch-all category
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dissociative disorders
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disruptions in some function of the mind
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dissociative amnesia
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loss of memory (esp after trauma)
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dissociative fugue
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memory loss is accompanied by travel
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dissociative identity disorder (DID)
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creating two or more identities
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personality disorders
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long-standing dysfunctional patterns of behavior
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assessment
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examination of a person's mental state in order to diagnose possible mental illness
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Family systems model
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the behavior of an individual must be considered within a social context and problems in the individual come from the family
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Diathesis-stress model
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a disorder may develop when an underlying vulnerability is coupled with a precipitating event
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Agoraphobia
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fear of situations where escape is difficult or impossible
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Cyclothymia
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hypomania and mild depression (less severe than bipolar)
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Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
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depression corresponding w/winter
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