Psy Test 3

Front 1

Four Humors

Back 1

Yellow Bile - Anger
Black Bile - Depression
Phlegm- Sluggishness
Blood- Courage/hope/desire

Front 2

Psychodynamic
Three Parts

Back 2

Sigmund Fraud
ID: seek immediate pleasure (U.C.)
Superego: try to behave nicely (C.M.) & (P.C.)
Ego: reality principle (Executive mediator) (P.C.)&(C.M.)

Front 3

Repression

Back 3

Expend energy to avoid a thought

Front 4

Projection

Back 4

Attributing your negative desire to others (S/he totally wants me!!"

Front 5

Rationalization

Back 5

Creating (bogus) justifications for your actions
-It's not bad to shoplift b/c companies make enough money anyways

Front 6

Neo-Fraudians

Back 6

Jung: mystical "archetypes"
Proposed "introversion" and "extraversion"
Horney: Need of security
-Insecure ppl behave neurotically to avoid anxiety

Front 7

Humanists

Back 7

Carl Rogers and Descendants
-Seek to self-actualize
-Drive to reach ultimate potential
-Frustration, anxiety, result from incongruence of self
+ Later cognitive theorists:
-Self-discrepancy theory- we have an ideal self and an actual self

Front 8

Abraham Maslow

Back 8

Hierarchy of needs
-Must first fulfill hunger before love...etc.
-Ultimate state is self-actualization

Front 9

Trait Theories

Back 9

-A trait is a stable tendency in behavior
-A state is a temporary tendency to act a certain way
*STAI - State Trait Anxiety Inventory

Front 10

Problem with Trait Theories

Back 10

Many ppl judge one person - great diversity of "top descriptors"
One person judges many ppl - remarkable similar dimensions on which ppl are assessed

Front 11

Solution to Problem of Traits

Back 11

Ask ppl many questions about themselves
-Use factor analysis- a statistical procedure used to sort traits into a small number of underlying dimensions or "Factor"

Front 12

How many traits?

Back 12

Too many- they start to overlap
Too Few- you no longer explain enough of behavior

Front 13

McCrae and Costa's "Big Five"

Back 13

Basis of Human personality
1. Emotional Stability
2.Extraversion
3.Openness
4.Agreeableness
5.Conscientiousness

Front 14

Counseling psychologists

Back 14

deal with everyday problems that involve adjustment
ex- Marital therapy, bereavement/grief

Front 15

Clinical psychologists

Back 15

deal with diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders
ex- severe depression; drug dependency

Front 16

Psychiatrists

Back 16

mental doctors who deal w/ mental disorders

Front 17

Comorbidity

Back 17

Two or more disorders may occur in the same person
-Often, having one disorder predisposes you to have others as well

Front 18

The DSM IV

Back 18

DSM: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
-Published by American Psychological Association (APA)
- Person must show 5 out of 9 symptoms

Front 19

Axis 1 disorders

Back 19

Anxiety, mood, schizophrenia, and other disorders

Front 20

Axis II disorders

Back 20

Personality disorders of various types

Front 21

Personality disorders

Back 21

A maladaptive, inflexible personality trait that impairs social functioning

Front 22

Mood Disorders

Back 22

Disorders that result in severe changes in mood and emotion

Front 23

Anxiety Disorders

Back 23

Related to fears and stress

Front 24

Interacting Causes of Disorders

Back 24

Diathesis
- Stress model: Disorders arise from biological predisposition triggered by environmental events
- Biopsychosocial model: Disorders are an interaction b/w biological causes, psychological causes, and social or experiential factors

Front 25

Social Causes of Disorders

Back 25

Stress - is associated with increased rates of mental illness
Poverty - is associated w/ increased rates of mental illness
-Reason 1: mental illness -> poverty (rejection of mental illness)
-Reason 2: poverty -> mental illness (Creates more stress on a person)

Front 26

Biological Causes of Disorders

Back 26

Often run in families, suggesting genetic involvement
Diseases can sometimes trigger mental illnesses

Front 27

Schizophrenia

Back 27

Not multiple personalities!!!
characterized by loss of contact with reality and is often considered the most severe disorder
-Onset begins in late teens to mid-30s

Front 28

Possible Causes of Schizophrenia

Back 28

Prenatal Viral Infections- higher risk if there was a flu epidemic during fetal development
Neurotransmitter problems- too much dopamine in some parts of the brain
-Usually treated with drugs that block dopamine D2 receptors
Genetics - relatives of sch. are more likely to get it
Brain Abnormalities- skrunken cerebral tissue and enlarged fluid filled areas

Front 29

Cahn et al. (2002)

Back 29

Study shows that the reduced brain volume is probably a consequence not a cause

Front 30

Major Depression

Back 30

Charatertized by prolonged, unwarrented sadness and lethargy

Front 31

Bipolar Disorder

Back 31

Characterized by alternating bouts of depression and mania

Front 32

Three symptoms of major depressive episodes

Back 32

1. Affective- depressed mood or lack of interest in social activities
2. Cognitive- worthlessness/guilt, hopelessness, indecisiveness/concentration, suicidal ideation
3. Somatic- loss of appetite, excessive sleeping or insomnia, lack of energy, sluggishness

Front 33

Suicide

Back 33

One risk of depression
-highest rate in men in late adulthood

Front 34

Causes of Depression

Back 34

Neurotransmitter imbalances
-Inadequate serotonin or norepinephrine
-Prozac, for example, increases serotonin and so helps depressed people
-Sex- women twice as likely to show mood disorders than men
-Pessimistic explanatory style: a person explains events in terms of cuases that are internal (their own fault), stable (here to stay), and global (applies to all aspects of their life)

Front 35

Cortisol

Back 35

Is a hormone released during stress
-Small amounts of cortisol enhance memory
-Large, prolonged exposure to cortisol can hurt hippocampus

Front 36

Bipolar Disorder

Back 36

Person's mood takes dramatic swings b/w depression and mania, with recurrent cycles of depressive and manic episodes
-Also called "manic-depressive" syndrome

Front 37

Anxiety vs. Fear

Back 37

Anxiety- Occurs when there is apprehensive anticipation of future dangers
Fear- Occurs when there is real or apparent threat
*Experienced similarly!

Front 38

Anxiety as Pathology

Back 38

Pathological anxiety occurs when:
- safe situations or objects acquire a meaning of danger
- Anxiety is excessive, inappropriate or generalized

Front 39

Pathological Anxiety Occurs

Back 39

1. safe situations or objects acquire a meaning of danger
2. Anxiety is excessive, inappropriate or generalized

Front 40

Specific phobias

Back 40

Persistent fear of specific object or situation that is excessive or unreasonable

Front 41

Causes of specific phobias

Back 41

Classical conditioning
-Watson and Rayner conditioned Albert the infant to fear white rats by pairing loud noise with rat
Biological predispositions
-Certain associations (ex. taste -> sickness) are easily learned; others (ex. taste -> electric shock) are difficult

Front 42

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Back 42

High anxiety w/o any clear cause for 6+ months
Maybe related to a biochemical dysfunction in the brain, involving GABA, a major inhibitory nuerotransmitters
Beck: People see the world as more dangerous than actually is
-"It's always best to assume the worst"
- Association w/ more negative life experiences

Front 43

Panic Disorder

Back 43

Having frequent panic attacks
-Different from GAD: In GAD, constant anxiety. In panic, sudden but not continuous

Panic attacks: sudden attacks of fear
- May occur when faced with something dreaded, like giving a Speech; other attacks occur w/o any apparent reason

Front 44

Agoraphobia

Back 44

Fear of being in places or situations from which escape might be difficult
Ex. Being in a crowd
-May stay home all the time to avoid this

Front 45

Panic and Agoraphobia

Back 45

Panic disorder could lead to agoraphobia
Panic is unpredictable
People start avoiding everything to avoid panic

Front 46

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Back 46

Recurrent obsessions and/or compulsions perceived as excessive or unreasonable

Front 47

Obsession

Back 47

A persistent intrusive thought, idea, impulse, or image that causes anxiety

Front 48

Compulsion

Back 48

A repetitive and rigid behavior that a person feels compelled to perform to reduce anxiety

Front 49

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

Back 49

Occurs when a very severe stressor that involves serious risk of death or dismemberment produces lasting emotional dysfunction
-Much more common after war experiences: "shell shock"
-1-3% in general population
-30% in combat vets

Front 50

PTSD: DSM Criteria

Back 50

1. The traumatic event is persistently re-experienced
2. Avoids reminders of the trauma
3. A numbering of emotions
4. Chronic hyper-arousal (anxiety, hard for them to calm down)
5. Lasts longer than 1 month

Front 51

Treatment for PTSD

Back 51

-Any theory of personality leads naturally to a theory of treatment
-Psycho-dynamics
-Humanistic
-Cognitive
-Bio-behavioral

Front 52

Psychoanalysis

Back 52

Long, intensive examination of your unconcious
May use dream analysis and look for "latent content"

Front 53

Bio-behavioral Therapy

Back 53

-Good example is overcoming phobias via exposure therapy-based on "extinction"
-Flooding: massive exposure
-Systematic: slow gradual exposure

Front 54

Cognitive Therapy

Back 54

Based on logic and argument
Fight back against ideas like: "I never do a good job"
Therapist: "oh really, I thought you siad you did a good job yesterday?"
-Works better than drugs on major depression

Front 55

Drug Treatments

Back 55

Drugs prescribed by a psychiatrist
-Antipsychotics work on schizophrenia by affecting dopamine receptors
-Antidepressants work on depression by affecting serotonin and nor-epinephrine receptors

Front 56

Social Influence

Back 56

People often do things they don't really want to, or are persuaded by others to do things they didn't originally intend to do

Front 57

Obedience and Conformity

Back 57

Milgram Experiment
-Obedience is following the commands of a person in authority
Milgram: People are vulnerable to authority
-Degree of authority
-Severeity
-Proximity

Front 58

Sherif's Autokinetic Study

Back 58

Autokinetic effect: a stationary light will seem to wobble
-People estimated movement either alone or in a group
Sherif's study
-inserting a "ringer" could increase estimates or decrease estimates (someone who is a fake question asker in a large group of people - fixed opinions)

Front 59

Asch's Study

Back 59

Maybe sherif's task was too vague
-Conformity rates:
-Conformed at least half the time: 28%
-Conformed at least once: 78%

Front 60

Modern Attempts

Back 60

Could conformity have declined
-Perrin and Spencer (1980's) failed to replicate Asch using math, chemistry, and engineering students
-Subtle conformity, however seems to remain strong

Front 61

Applications

Back 61

Perkins (1995) posted signs on campus
- 2/3 of the students drink only 1/4 of the alcohol on campus
-Idea: portray heavy drinking as a minority
--Results:
-Abstaining from drinking doubled (to 10%)
-Drinking more than 5 drinks declined (4% to 28%)

Front 62

Dimensions of Persuasion

Back 62

Willingness
-Compliance: Do it but not happily
-Acceptance: Do it willingly
Motivations behind persuasion
-Informational: others may know more/better
-Normative: Avoid rejection or other negative social consequences

Front 63

Six Ways to Influence People (Caildini)

Back 63

1. Conformity
2. Obedience
3. Liking
4. Consistency
5. Reciprocity
6. Scarcity

Front 64

Reciprocity Tactic

Back 64

Smolowe: Disabled American Veterns fundraiser
-Mail request for donation: 18% return rate
-Include free address labels: 35% return rate

Front 65

Door-in-the-Face

Back 65

Reciprocity tactic
Ask for something big, then when refused, ask for something smaller

Front 66

Caildini and Ascani

Back 66

Blood donor study
Ask to give blood: 32% do
Ask for long-term commitment first: 50% give blood
-Based on reciprocity

Front 67

Tactics Based on Liking

Back 67

Ingratiation: Get someone to like you, then try to persuade them
Similairty: Try to make yourself seem similar to other person and they like you more
-"Mirror and Match" sales technique
Rosy Glow Effect: Associate with something or someone desirable

Front 68

Tactics Based on Consistency

Back 68

Foot-in-the-Door: Ask for something small, then ask for something bigger
Cialdini and Schroeder: Told 84 sutdents "I'm collecting money for a charity. Would you be willing to donate?"
- Half the time they added "Even a penny with help"
-Found:
Contribution Rate: 29% vs. 50%
Size of Contr.: 18.55 vs. 130.34
Lowballing: Make a deal, then change it (used when repeat visits are rare)