Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
103 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Learning
|
the process by which experience or practice results in a relatively permanent change in behavior
|
|
|
Unconditioned Stimulus
|
a stimulus that leads to an observable response prior to any training
|
|
|
Unconditioned response
|
the observable response that is produced automatically, on presentation of an unc. stimulus
|
|
|
Conditioned Stimulus
|
the neutral stimulus that is paired with the unconditioned stimulus during classical conditioning
|
|
|
Conditioned Response
|
the acquired response that is produced by the conditioned stimulus in anticipation of the unconditioned stimulus
|
|
|
• Extinction
|
repeated absence of UCS, CR stops
|
|
|
• Spontaneous recovery
|
conditioned responding that has disappeared in extinction recovers spontaneously with the passage of time
|
|
|
• Inhibition
|
learning to suppress a learned response
|
|
|
• Generalization
|
a new stimulus produces a response similar to the one produced by the conditioned stimulus
|
|
|
• Discrimination
|
the response to a new stimulus is different from the response to the original CS
|
|
|
• Higher Order Conditioning
|
an established CS is presented immediately after a new event; after several pairing, this new event may come to elicit a response.
|
|
|
4. Operant Conditioning
|
procedure for studying how organisms learn about the consequences of their actions. (instrumental conditioning)
|
|
|
5. Law of Effect
|
response followed by a satisfying/unsatisfying consequence, it will be strengthened or weakened
|
|
|
6. Shaping
|
reinforcing successive approximations (partial responses) to a desired behavior
|
|
|
7. Pos. Reinforcement
|
an event, when presented after a response, increases the likelihood of a resonse occurring again
|
|
|
Negaive Reinforcement
|
strenthen a response by reducing or removing an aversive stimuli
|
|
|
8. Aversive Control
|
influencing behavior by the use of unpleasant stimuli
|
|
|
9. Observational Learning
|
Learning by observing the esperience of others
|
|
|
10. Modeling
|
Natural tendency to imitate behavior of significant others.
|
|
|
Abnormal Behavior
|
• Atypical
• Undesirable • Maladaptive • Unjustifiable |
|
|
• AXIS I
|
not me (ego dystonic
|
|
|
a. Generalized Anxiety Disorder
|
Excessive worry and anxiety about a # of events
|
|
|
b. OCD
|
a disorder that minefsts itself through persistent and uncontrollable thoughts, called obsessions, or by the need to perform repetitive acts, called compulsions.
|
|
|
3. Phobias
|
fear of things
|
|
|
4. Social Phobia
|
fear of evaluationg and scrutiny of others.
|
|
|
5. Panic Disorder
|
episode in which intense anxity and physiological symptoms are suddenly experienced
|
|
|
6. Agoraphobia
|
fear of leaving home
|
|
|
d. Similarities- eating disorders
|
1. Typical profile
2. Preoccupation with dieting, food, weight 3. Discomfort with others 4. Severe changes habits, mood 5. Hyperactivity 6. Fatigue, headaches 7. Approval seeking 8. Problems with interpersonal relationghips 9. Want to be thin |
|
|
Differences - eating disorders
|
1. anorexia- denial of abnormal eating pattern. Bulimia-recognizes abnormal eating pattern
2. anorexia-introverted. Bulimia- extroverted 3. anorexia- turns from food to cope. Bulimia- opposite 4. anorexia-distorted body image. Bulimia- dissatisfaction with body weight and shape 5. anorexia- preoccupied with losing more lbs. bulimia- precoccupied with attaining an ideal. |
|
|
Sexual dysfunction
|
impairment in desire and ability to achieve it
|
|
|
Paraphilia
|
unconventional sex
|
|
|
Somatofm Disorders - • Conversion Disorder
|
extreme, impossible, la belle indifference
|
|
|
Somatofm Disorders - • Pain disorder
|
pain disrupts life, nothing medical explains it.
|
|
|
Somatofm Disorders - • Hypochondriasis
|
due to misappraisal of bodyily symptoms, fear of serious disease
|
|
|
Somatofm Disorders - • Body Dismorphic Disorder
|
warped notion regarding a part of the body, focus on how deformed it is.
|
|
|
Dissociative Disorders• Amnesia-loss of memory
|
loss of memory
|
|
|
Dissociative Disorders• Fugue- flight from present life
|
flight from present life
|
|
|
Dissociative Disorders• DID-extreme, separate, not integrated
|
extreme, separate, not integrated
|
|
|
Mood Disorders• Major Depressive Disorder
|
most prevalent mood disorder (5 of symptoms)
|
|
|
Mood Disorders• Dysthymia
|
sever depression buy longer lasting (2 of symptoms)
|
|
|
• Bipolar Disorder I
|
mania is most significant
|
|
|
• Bipolar Disorder II
|
major depression is most significant with hypomanc
|
|
|
• Cyclothymia
|
less severe bipolarity
|
|
|
Suicide
|
• Black and white thinking
• Ambivalent- mixed feelings or contradictory ideas • Unendurable psychological pain • Search solution |
|
|
Schizophrenia
|
split the mind; split from reality
|
|
|
Hallucination
|
disruptions in perceptions
|
|
|
Delusions
|
disturbances in the content of thought
|
|
|
Word salad
|
speaking nonsense
|
|
|
AXIS II
|
this is what I am; deal with it (ego syntonic)
|
|
|
Personality Disorders
|
disorder of self
|
|
|
Person. Dis. Cluster A
a. Paranoid Personality Disorder |
distrust, suspicious
|
|
|
Person. Dis. Cluster A
b. Schizoid Personality Disorder |
indifference to interpersonal relationships; restricted emotional range (appears cool, aloof)
|
|
|
Person. Dis. Cluster A
c. Schizotypal Personality Disorder |
interpersonal deficits (appears odd)
|
|
|
Person. Dis. Cluster B
a. Borderline Personality Disorder |
instability in interpersonal relationhip, self image
|
|
|
Person. Dis. Cluster B
b. Narcissistic Personality Disorder |
grandiosity; need for admiration
|
|
|
Person. Dis. Cluster B
c. Histrionic Personality Disorder |
drama queen; attention seeking
|
|
|
Person. Dis. Cluster B
d. Antisocial |
disregard for and violation for the rights of others
|
|
|
Person. Dis. Cluster C
a. Dependent Personality Disorder |
need to be taken care of
|
|
|
Person. Dis. Cluster C
b. Avoidant Personality Disorder |
Social inhibition, upset by lack of social relations
|
|
|
Person. Dis. Cluster C
c. OCD |
preoccupation with orderliness
|
|
|
Howard Gardners 8 types of Intelligence
|
• Linguistic
• Logical(math) • Spatial- navigation skills • Musical • Kinesthetic (body) • Interspersonal • Intrapersonal • Nature |
|
|
emotional intelligence (EQ)
|
• Interspersonal
• Intrapersonal |
|
|
Sternberg- 3 types of intelligence
|
• Analytic intelligence
• Creative intelligence • Practical intelligence |
|
|
3 principles of test construction
|
• Standardization- so score can be compared to tohers
• Reliability- yield dependently consistent scores • Validity-measures what it is supposes |
|
|
Wais-R
|
• Vocabulary
• Block design |
|
|
IQ Test
|
• 130+- very superior
• 120-129- superior • 110-119- high avg. • 90-109- avg. • 80-89- low avg. • 70-79- borderline • 69-under- mentally retarded |
|
|
Genogram
|
• diagram of family history
|
|
|
Intelligence inherited
|
biology override environment
|
|
|
Bio-Medical Therapy- Drug therapy
|
• antipyschotics
• anti depressants • lithium • antianxiety • electroconvulsive therapy • psychosurgery |
|
|
Psychoanalysis
|
(insight- cant understand problems of today without understanding problems of early relationships
|
|
|
Behavioral Therapy
|
(no insight- just change in behavior)
|
|
|
• behavior modification
|
(rewards)- identify target behavior; establish reinforcemnt; enlist social support
|
|
|
• systematic desensitization
|
baby steps
|
|
|
• aversive conditioning
|
electric shock therapy
|
|
|
• modeling
|
follow the leader therapy
|
|
|
• flooding
|
exposure to thing feared all in 1 session
|
|
|
Cognitive Therapy
|
how you think, how you feel
|
|
|
Rational Emotive Therapy
|
Most direct form of therapy
|
|
|
Humanistic Therapy
|
non direct therapy - hel;p the client gain insight into his or her own fndamental self-worth and value as a human
|
|
|
Group Therapy
|
join others with similar problems
|
|
|
General Adaptation Syndrome
|
• phase 1-alarm reaction
• phase 2- stage of resistence • phase 3-stage of exhaustion |
|
|
Stress
|
leads to a decrease in lymphocytes which leads to sickness
|
|
|
Lymphocytes
|
Good soldiers in fight against sickness
|
|
|
External source of stress
|
life events
|
|
|
Personal Appraisal of events
|
healthy person- challenge event; sick person- threatened by event
|
|
|
Personality types
|
• healthy Person- easygoing, self-confident, optimistic
• sick person- reactive, low self-efficacy, pessimistic |
|
|
Coping with Stress (personal habits)
|
• healthy person- nonsmoking, regular exercise, good nutrition
• sick person- smoking, no exercise, poor nutrition |
|
|
Social Support for stress
|
• healthy person- enduring level of social support
• sick person- lacking social support |
|
|
Outcome of stress
|
• healthy person- tendency toward health
• sick person- tendency toward illness |
|
|
Motivation - • Instinc Theory (bio)
|
we do what we do b/c there is the instinct to do so
|
|
|
Motivation• Psychoanalytic Theory (psych)
|
libido: sexual and aggressive energy; we are motivated due to sublimation
|
|
|
• Behaviorist theory (social)
|
things we’re rewarded for we continue to do.
|
|
|
Motivation• Magic marker study
|
intrinsic motivation; controlling rewards decreases intrinsic motivation, informative rewards increase intrinsic motivation
|
|
|
Motivation• Humanistic theory (psych)
|
least to most-self actualism, esteem needs, social needs, safety needs, psychological needs
|
|
|
Motivation• Cognitive Theory (psych/social)
|
motivated b/c it tells me who I am in reference to others
|
|
|
Motivation• Yerkes-Dodson Theory (law) (bio-psych)
|
motivated until optimal level of arousal is reached (will be different for everyone)
|
|
|
Motivation• Opponent Process Theory (bio)
|
Biologically wired to be in balance
|
|
|
Facial expressions
|
universal
|
|
|
Gestures
|
Cultural
|
|
|
Jame-Lange Theory of Emotion
|
body reaction drives the subjective exerience of emotion
|
|
|
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
|
body reactions and subjective experiences occur together, but independently
|
|
|
Two-factor theory of Emotion
|
cognitive interpretation, or appraisal, of a body reaction drives the subjective experience of emotion
|
|
|
Common Factors of Happiness
|
• Control
• Optimism • Faith • Flow • Close relationships • Purpose • Humor • Helping Others |
